Subtipe Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli dan keterkaitannya dengan Traveler’s Diarrhea
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan: Traveler’s diarrhea adalah penyakit diare yang dialami oleh turis, baik selama perjalanan atau ketika sudah kembali ke tempat asalnya. Hal ini disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor seperti higienitas bahan konsumsi turis dan perbedaan flora normal saluran pencernaan turis.
Pembahasan: Kontaminasi makanan dan minuman oleh feses yang mengandung patogen enterik Escherichia coli menjadi salah satu penyebab terbesar terjadinya traveler’s diarrhea. Penyakit ini ditransmisikan secara fekal-oral dan dapat sembuh dengan sendirinya, tetapi dapat mengganggu liburan atau aktivitas yang akan dilakukan akibat gejala yang ditimbulkan. Bakteri Escherichia coli memiliki karakteristik berbentuk batang, gram negatif dan bersifat fakultatif anaerob. Adapun gejala utama yang ditimbulkan adalah diare, tetapi juga dapat disertai dengan mual, demam, kram perut, muntah, dan pendarahan. Terdapat beberapa subtipe yang dapat ditemukan pada bakteri E.coli sehingga gejala klinis yang timbul cukup luas. Namun sebesar 15% pada kasus traveler’s diarrhea yang diakibatkan oleh Escherichia coli berasal dari subtipe Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, dimana diare berair tanpa adanya darah atau demam menjadi ciri khasnya. ETEC memiliki dua keluarga peptida, yaitu heat-stable toxin (ST) dan heat-labile toxin (LT), yang dapat mengganggu penyerapan cairan usus sehingga menyebabkan diare.
Simpulan: ETEC menjadi penyebab utama traveler’s diarrhea dengan menimbulkan gejala diare cair ringan hingga berat. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan untuk perkembangan penelitian dan tindakan pencegahan ke depannya.
Kata kunci: Traveler’s diarrhea, Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Subtypes of Escherichia coli, ETEC
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References
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