Glorifying Cultural Scapes to Conflictual Tourismscapes: the Dynamics of Tourism Development in Rural Indonesia
Abstract
This article discusses the cultural village transformation into a tourism village in Bejiharjo, a rural tourism destination in Indonesia. Based on the Actor-Network Theory, Bejiharjo is a space formed in a dynamic network of relationships between actors, both human and non-human actors. Using online media observation, semi-structured interviews, and direct observation, the complexity of the relations between actors in the transformation of rural development that causes aestheticisation, consumerism, translation, place-making, touristification, and cosmopolitanism in Bejiharjo is explored. The findings of this study reveal that, at first, the cultural scapes ordering of Bejiharjo should conserve local cultural values. Then, government regulations on tourism development emerged and encouraged the development of rural areas with the concept of a tourism village. This dynamic and interrelated process triggers competition between individual and group interests and causes chronic conflicts in Bejiharjo.
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References
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_____. (2019, April). Gunung Kidul akan Memugar Situs Sokoliman (Gunung Kidul Restoring Sokoliman Sites). https://www.antaranews.com/berita/819598/gunung-kidul-akan-memugar-situs-sokoliman. March, 3th 2021 (11:50).
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_____. (2020). Statistik Kunjungan Wisatawan Mancanegara 2019 (Statistics of International Tourist Visits 2019).
Borowiecki, K.J., Neil Forbes, Antonella Fresa. (2016). Cultural Heritage in a Changing World. Springer Open.
Dinas Kebudayaan dan Kepariwisataan Pemerintah Kabupaten Gunungkidul. (2015). Analisis Dampak Lingkungan Hidup (AMDAL) Rencana Penataan dan Pengembangan Kawasan Wisata Desa Bejiharjo Kecamatan Karangmojo Kabupaten Gunungkidul (Environmental Impact Analysis (AMDAL) Planning and Development of Tourism Areas in Bejiharjo Village, Karangmojo District, Gunungkidul Regency). Gunungkidul: Pemerintah Kabupaten Gunungkidul.
Dinas Kebudayaan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. (2012). Desa Budaya (Tourism Village). Microsoft PowerPoint Document. Yogyakarta: Dinas Kebudayaan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.
Ezenagu, Ngozi. (2020). Heritage resources as a driver for cultural tourism in Nigeria. Cogent Arts & Humanities. 7: 1734331. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2020.1734331.
Franklin, Adrian. (2008). The tourism ordering. Civilisations [En ligne], 57 | 2008, DOI: 10.4000/civilisations.1288.
Ho P.S.Y. and McKercher, Bob. (2004). Managing Heritage Resources as Tourism Products. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. Vol. 9, No. 3. DOI: 10.1080/1094166042000290655.
Jóhannesson, Gunnar Thór. (2005). Tourism translations Actor–Network: Theory and tourism research. Tourist Studies, vol 5(2) 133–150. DOI: 10.1177/ 1468797605066924.
Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif. 2019. Laporan Kinerja Kementerian Pariwisata 2019 (Ministry of Tourism Performance Report 2019). Jakarta: Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif Republik Indonesia.
Pemerintah Kalurahan Bejiharjo. 2020. Monografi Desa (Microsoft Word Document). Pemerintah Kalurahan Bejiharjo
Pemerintah Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. (2011). Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 4 tahun 2011 tentang Tata Nilai Budaya Yogyakarta (Regional Regulation of the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta Number 4 of 2011 concerning Yogyakarta Cultural Values). Yogyakarta: Gubernur Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.
____. (2012). Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 6 Tahun 2012 tentang Pelestarian Warisan Budaya dan Cagar Budaya (Regional Regulation of the Special Region of Yogyakarta Number 6 of 2012 concerning Preservation of Cultural Heritage and Cultural Conservation). Yogyakarta: Gubernur Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.
Gubernur Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. (2014). Peraturan Gubernur Nomor 36 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa/Kelurahan Budaya (Governor Regulation Number 36 of 2014 concerning Cultural Villages/Kelurahan). Yogyakarta: Gubernur Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.
Ren, Carina. 2011. Non-Human Agency, Radical Ontology and Tourism Realities. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 858-881. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.007.
Tim Pengendali PNPM Mandiri. (2007). Pedoman Umum Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) Mandiri (General Guidelines for the National Community Empowerment Program (PNPM) Mandiri). Jakarta: Deputi Menko Kesra Bidang Koordinasi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan.
Timothy, D.J. and Gyan Nyaupane. (2009). “Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World”. Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility. London and New York: Routledge.
Timothy, Dallen J. (2014). Contemporary Cultural Heritage and Tourism: Development Issues and Emerging Trends. Public Achaeology. Vol. 13 Nos 1–3, 2014, 30–47. DOI: 10.1179/1465518714Z.00000000052.
UNWTO. (2005). Cultural Tourism and Poverty Alleviation: The Asia-Pacific Perspective. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
____. (2020). Framework Convention on Tourism Ethics. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
Valle, P.O., Manuela Guerreiro, Ju´lio Mendes and Joa˜o Albino Silva. (2011). The cultural offer as a tourist product in coastal destinations: The Case of Algarve, Portugal. Tourism and Hospitality Research. 11(4) 233–247. DOI: 10.1177/1467358411420623.
Van der Duim, René. 2007. Tourismscapes: An Actor-Network Perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 961–976, DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2007.05.008.
Online media source
Agung PW. (2018, July). Di Balik Nama Besar Goa Pindul (Behind the great name of Goa Pindul). https://desawisatabejiharjo.net/sejarah/ . Accessed on October, 10th 2021
Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. (2021, February). Situs Sokoliman dan Kehidupan Purbakala (Sokoliman Sites and Ancient Life.). http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbyogyakarta/situs-sokoliman-dan-kehidupan-purbakala/ . April, 19th 2021 (09:17).
Ewi. (2019, December). 14.100 Wisatawan Kunjungi Goa Pindul (14,100 Tourists Visit Goa Pindul). https://www.krjogja.com/berita-lokal/diy/gunungkidul/14-100-wisatawan-kunjungi-goa-pindul/ . April, 19th 2021 (10:00).
Humas Pemerintah Daerah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. (2019, August). 56 Desa Budaya di DIY Gelar Potensi Seloso Wagenan Malioboro (56 Tourism Villages in DIY perform at Seloso Wagenan Malioboro). https://jogjaprov.go.id/berita/detail/8057-lima-puluh-enam-desa-budaya-di-diy-isi-gelar-potensi-seloso-wagenan-malioboro. April, 15th 2021 (05.11).
Omarif GK Channel. (2019a, February). Beginilah Cerita Pilu Rintisan Goa Pindul Gunungkidul (This is the sad story of the pioneering of Goa Pindul in Gunungkidul). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xU7xu5f_eUE&t=37s . Desember, 12th 2020 (08:15).
_____. (2019b, February). Mistis!!! Beginilah Kisah Bayi yang Dibuang, Hingga Penamaan Goa Pindul (Mistic!!! This is the abandoned baby’s story and the name of Goa Pindul). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkmqH6uf47A&t=4s . Desember, 12th 2020 (08:26).
Pangaribowo, Wisang Seto. (2019, March). Kominfo GK Lakukan Koordinasi dengan Disbud Fasilitasi Internet di Situs Sokoliman (Kominfo GK Coordinates with Disbud for Internet Facilitation on the Sokoliman Sites). https://jogja.tribunnews.com/2019/03/15/kominfo-gk-lakukan-koordinasi-dengan-disbud-fasilitasi-internet-di-situs-sokoliman . April, 18th 2021 (07:08).
Pemerintah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. (2019). Sejarah (History). https://jogjaprov.go.id/profil/3-sejarah. March, 3th 2021 (15:20).
Pemerintah Kalurahan Bejiharjo. (2017, July). Pengelolaan Desa Budaya Bejiharjo (Management of Bejiharjo Cultural Village). https://www.bejiharjo-karangmojo.desa.id/first/artikel/284-Pengelolaan-Desa-Budaya-Bejiharjo . October, 10th 2019 (10:13).
_____. (2019, October). Gelar Potensi Desa Budaya Bejiharjo Memperoleh Juara 3 Tingkat DIY (Participating in cultural performances, Bejiharjo Cultural Village Wins 3rd Place at DIY Level). https://www.bejiharjo-karangmojo.desa.id/first/artikel/538-Gelar-Potensi-Desa--Budaya--Bejiharjo-Memperoleh-Juara-3-Tingkat-DIY-. October, 10th 2019 (10:00).
Sutarmi. (2016, March). Gunung Kidul Kesulitan Batasi Pengunjung Gua Pindul (Gunung Kidul is difficult to limit visitors to). https://jogja.antaranews.com/berita/338545/gunung-kidul-kesulitan-batasi-pengunjung-gua-pindul. April, 19th 2019 (10:45).
_____. (2019, April). Gunung Kidul akan Memugar Situs Sokoliman (Gunung Kidul Restoring Sokoliman Sites). https://www.antaranews.com/berita/819598/gunung-kidul-akan-memugar-situs-sokoliman. March, 3th 2021 (11:50).
Yuwono, Markus. (2020, March). Dampak Corona, Sejumlah Obyek Wisata di Gunungkidul Memilih Tutup (Impact of Corona, a number of tourist attractions in Gunungkidul choose to close). https://travel.kompas.com/read/2020/03/23/155526327/dampak-corona-sejumlah-obyek-wisata-di-gunungkidul-memilih-tutup. November, 30th 2020 (08:16).
Published
2022-04-05
How to Cite
WIDIASTUTI, Rina; RICHARDUS, Wisma Nugraha Christianto; BUDIAWAN, Budiawan.
Glorifying Cultural Scapes to Conflictual Tourismscapes: the Dynamics of Tourism Development in Rural Indonesia.
E-Journal of Tourism, [S.l.], p. 97-112, apr. 2022.
ISSN 2407-392X.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot/article/view/83518>. Date accessed: 26 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24922/eot.v9i1.83518.
Section
Articles
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