Assessing the Effectiveness of Technology in Destination Marketing during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
Technology has played an important role in tourism and the COVID-19 pandemic expanded this role as well as its importance. This research therefore explores the impact that technology made in destination marketing during the time of the pandemic. This research explores the pandemic’s first year of widespread global coverage both in the media and in academic literature. An extensive review of technology use in destination marketing and COVID-19’s impact on destination marketing is conducted. The present research is mainly concerned with the first year of the pandemic but is not limited to that period since the adoption of technology in tourism existed before the pandemic but increased due to the pandemic. This research made every attempt to investigate this phenomenon. Based on findings of the research, future research direction is proposed.
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References
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Akehurst, G. (2009). User generated content: the use of blogs for tourism organisations and tourism consumers. Service Business, 3(1), 51-61.
Altuntas, F., & Gok, M. S. (2021). The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on domestic tourism: A DEMATEL method analysis on quarantine decisions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 1-9.
An, S., Choi, Y., & Lee, C. K. (2021). Virtual travel experience and destination marketing: effects of sense and information quality on flow and visit intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 1-10.
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Beerli, A., & Martin, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of tourism research, 31(3), 657-681.
Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism management, 21(1), 97-116.
Buhalis, D., & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet - The state of eTourism research. Tourism management, 29(4), 609-623.
Buhalis, D., & O’Connor, P. (2005). Information communication technology revolutionizing tourism. Tourism recreation research, 30(3), 7-16.
Cheng, M., & Edwards, D. (2015). Social media in tourism: a visual analytic approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(11), 1080-1087.
Chloridiany, A. (2021). Social Media Marketing Strategy of Indonesian Tourism in the Time of Pandemic. E-Journal of Tourism, 8 (1), 1-13.
Chuchu, T., Chiliya, N., & Chinomona, R. (2018). The impact of services cape and traveller perceived value on affective destination image: an airport retail services case. The Retail and Marketing Review, 14(1), 45-57.
Chuchu, T. (2020). The Impact of Airport Experience on International Tourists’ Revisit Intention: A South African Case. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 29(2), 414-427.
Chen, C. C., & Tsai, J. L. (2019). Determinants of behavioral intention to use the Personalized Location-based Mobile Tourism Application: An empirical study by integrating TAM with ISSM. Future Generation Computer Systems, 96, 628-638.
Davis, F.D. (1989). User Acceptance of Information Technology: Systems Characteristics, User Perceptions and Behavioural Impacts. International Journal of Man Machine Studies, 38, 475-487.
Dulcic, Z., Pavlic, D., & Silic, I. (2012). Evaluating the intended use of Decision Support System (DSS) by applying Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in business organizations in Croatia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 1565-1575.
Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of travel research, 31(4), 3-13.
El-Gohary, H. (2012). Factors affecting E-Marketing adoption and implementation in tourism firms: An empirical investigation of Egyptian small tourism organisations. Tourism management, 33(5), 1256-1269.
Foo, L. P., Chin, M. Y., Tan, K. L., & Phuah, K. T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on tourism industry in Malaysia. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-5.
Fotiadis, A., Polyzos, S., & Huan, T. C. T. (2021). The good, the bad and the ugly on COVID-19 tourism recovery. Annals of Tourism Research, 87, 1-14.
Fyall, A., & Leask, A. (2006). Destination marketing: Future issues—Strategic challenges. Tourism and hospitality research, 7(1), 50-63.
Gretzel, U., Fesenmaier, D. R., Formica, S., & O’Leary, J. T. (2006). Searching for the future: Challenges faced by destination marketing organizations. Journal of Travel Research, 45(2), 116-126.
Gretzel, U., Fuchs, M., Baggio, R., Hoepken, W., Law, R., Neidhardt, J., Pesonen, J., Zanker, M., & Xiang, Z. (2020). e-Tourism beyond COVID-19: a call for transformative research. Information Technology & Tourism, 22, 187-203.
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Hays, S., Page, S. J., & Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations. Current issues in Tourism, 16(3), 211-239.
Herrero, Á., & San Martín, H. (2012). Developing and testing a global model to explain the adoption of websites by users in rural tourism accommodations. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), 1178-1186.
Hospers, G. J. (2004). Place marketing in Europe. Intereconomics, 39(5), 271-279.
Huang, Y. C., Backman, K. F., Backman, S. J., & Chang, L. L. (2016). Exploring the implications of virtual reality technology in tourism marketing: An integrated research framework. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(2), 116-128.
Hudson, S., & Thal, K. (2013). The impact of social media on the consumer decision process: Implications for tourism marketing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(1-2), 156-160.
Hvass, K. A. (2014). To fund or not to fund: A critical look at funding destination marketing campaigns. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(3), 173-179.
Ibrahim, R., Leng, N. S., Yusoff, R. C. M., Samy, G. N., Masrom, S., & Rizman, Z. I. (2017). E-learning acceptance based on technology acceptance model (TAM). Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 9(4S), 871-889.
Li, C. & Bernoff J. (2008). Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies. New York, Harvard Business Press.
Rauniar, R., Rawski, G., Yang, J., & Johnson, B. (2014). Technology acceptance model (TAM) and social media usage: an empirical study on Facebook. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 27(1), 6-30.
Sharmin, F., Sultan, M. T., Badulescu, D., Badulescu, A., Borma, A., & Li, B. (2021). Sustainable destination marketing ecosystem through smartphone-based social media: The consumers’ acceptance perspective. Sustainability, 13(4), 1-24.
Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of business research, 117, 312-321.
Solazzo, G., Maruccia, Y., Lorenzo, G., Ndou, V., Del Vecchio, P., & Elia, G. (2021). Extracting insights from big social data for smarter tourism destination management. Measuring Business Excellence. Emerald.
Kaefer, F. (2021). Jaume Marín on Destination Branding and Social Media. Management for Professionals, 173-175.
Kaushal, V., & Srivastava, S. (2021). Hospitality and tourism industry amid COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives on challenges and learnings from India. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102707.
King, J. (2002). Destination marketing organisations-Connecting the experience rather than promoting the place. Journal of vacation marketing, 8(2), 105-108.
Kock, F., Nørfelt, A., Josiassen, A., Assaf, A. G., & Tsionas, M. G. (2020). Understanding the COVID-19 tourist psyche: The evolutionary tourism paradigm. Annals of tourism research, 85, 1-13.
Kumpu, J., Pesonen, J., & Heinonen, J. (2021). Measuring the Value of Social Media Marketing from a Destination Marketing Organization Perspective. In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021 (pp. 365-377). Springer, Cham.
Kurashima, T., Iwata, T., Irie, G., & Fujimura, K. (2010). Travel route recommendation using geotags in photo sharing sites. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management (pp. 579-588).
Lange-Faria, W., & Elliot, S. (2012). Understanding the role of social media in destination marketing. Tourismos, 7(1), 193-211.
Lee, Y., Kozar, K. A., & Larsen, K. R. (2003). The technology acceptance model: Past, present, and future. Communications of the Association for information systems, 12(1), 752-780.
Leung, D., Law, R., Van Hoof, H., & Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media in tourism and hospitality: A literature review. Journal of travel & tourism marketing, 30(1-2), 3-22.
Li, S. C., Robinson, P., & Oriade, A. (2017). Destination marketing: The use of technology since the millennium. Journal of destination marketing & management, 6(2), 95-102.
MarketResearch.com (2021). Impact on Travel and Tourism Social Media - COVID-19 – Thematic Research. Retrieved from https://www.marketresearch.com/GlobalData-v3648/Impact-Travel-Tourism-Social-Media-13391987/ Accessed 17/06/2021
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Milano, R., Baggio, R., & Piattelli, R. (2011). The effects of online social media on tourism websites. In Information and communication technologies in tourism 2011 (pp. 471-483). Springer, Vienna.
Miličević, K., Mihalič, T., & Sever, I. (2017). An investigation of the relationship between destination branding and destination competitiveness. Journal of travel & tourism marketing, 34(2), 209-221.
Neuhofer, B., Buhalis, D., & Ladkin, A. (2012). Conceptualising technology enhanced destination experiences. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1(1-2), 36-46.
Noor, N. L., Hashim, M., Haron, H., & Ariffin, S. (2005). Community acceptance of knowledge sharing system in the travel and tourism websites: an application of an extension of TAM. 13th European Conference on Information Systems, Information Systems in a Rapidly Changing Economy.
Okumus, B., Okumus, F., & McKercher, B. (2007). Incorporating local and international cuisines in the marketing of tourism destinations: The cases of Hong Kong and Turkey. Tourism management, 28(1), 253-261.
Palmer, A., & Bejou, D. (1995). Tourism destination marketing alliances. Annals of tourism research, 22(3), 616-629.
Phatthana, W., & Mat, N. K. N. (2011). The Application of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) on health tourism e-purchase intention predictors in Thailand. In 2010 International Conference on Business and Economics Research (Vol. 1, pp. 196-199).
Piguillem, F., & Shi, L. (2020). Optimal Covid-19 Quarantine and Testing Policies. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP14613.
Pike, S. (2002). Destination image analysis-a review of 142 papers from 1973 to 2000. Tourism management, 23(5), 541-549.
Pike, S. (2012). Destination marketing. Routledge.
Pollock, A. (1995). The impact of information technology on destination marketing. Travel & Tourism Analyst, 3, 66-83.
Sautter, E. T., & Leisen, B. (1999). Managing stakeholders: A tourism planning model. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 312-328.
Sonnleitner, K. (2011). Destination image and its effects on marketing and branding a tourist destination: A case study about the Austrian National Tourist Office-with a focus on the arket Sweden. Master’s Dissertation. Retrieved from http://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:424606/FULLTEXT01.pdf Accessed (17/06/ 2021)
Stylidis, D. (2020). Residents’ destination image: a perspective article. Tourism Review, 75(1), 228-231.
Tasci, A. D., & Gartner, W. C. (2007). Destination image and its functional relationships. Journal of travel research, 45(4), 413-425.
Torres, R. (2010). Today’s traveler online: 5 consumer trends to guide your marketing strategy. Paper presented at the Eye for Travel, Travel Distribution Summit, Chicago, IL.
Ukpabi, D. C., & Karjaluoto, H. (2017). Consumers’ acceptance of information and communications technology in tourism: A review. Telematics and Informatics, 34(5), 618-644.
UNWTO (2011). Policy and Practice for Global Tourism. Madrid: UNWTO.
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Wang, Y., & Xiang, Z. (2007). Toward a theoretical framework of collaborative destination marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 75-85.
Weber, L. (2009). Marketing to the social web: How digital customer communities build your business. John Wiley & Sons.
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Werthner, H., & Klein, S. (1999). Information technology and tourism: a challenging relationship. Springer-Verlag Wien.
Yavuz, S.S., & Ünal, S. (2020). Antiviral treatment of COVID-19. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50, 611-619.
Ye, Q., Law, R., Gu, B., & Chen, W. (2011). The influence of user-generated content on traveler behavior: An empirical investigation on the effects of e-word-of-mouth to hotel online bookings. Computers in Human behavior, 27(2), 634-639.
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Akehurst, G. (2009). User generated content: the use of blogs for tourism organisations and tourism consumers. Service Business, 3(1), 51-61.
Altuntas, F., & Gok, M. S. (2021). The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on domestic tourism: A DEMATEL method analysis on quarantine decisions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 1-9.
An, S., Choi, Y., & Lee, C. K. (2021). Virtual travel experience and destination marketing: effects of sense and information quality on flow and visit intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 1-10.
Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of tourism research, 26(4), 868-897.
Beerli, A., & Martin, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of tourism research, 31(3), 657-681.
Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism management, 21(1), 97-116.
Buhalis, D., & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet - The state of eTourism research. Tourism management, 29(4), 609-623.
Buhalis, D., & O’Connor, P. (2005). Information communication technology revolutionizing tourism. Tourism recreation research, 30(3), 7-16.
Cheng, M., & Edwards, D. (2015). Social media in tourism: a visual analytic approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(11), 1080-1087.
Chloridiany, A. (2021). Social Media Marketing Strategy of Indonesian Tourism in the Time of Pandemic. E-Journal of Tourism, 8 (1), 1-13.
Chuchu, T., Chiliya, N., & Chinomona, R. (2018). The impact of services cape and traveller perceived value on affective destination image: an airport retail services case. The Retail and Marketing Review, 14(1), 45-57.
Chuchu, T. (2020). The Impact of Airport Experience on International Tourists’ Revisit Intention: A South African Case. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 29(2), 414-427.
Chen, C. C., & Tsai, J. L. (2019). Determinants of behavioral intention to use the Personalized Location-based Mobile Tourism Application: An empirical study by integrating TAM with ISSM. Future Generation Computer Systems, 96, 628-638.
Davis, F.D. (1989). User Acceptance of Information Technology: Systems Characteristics, User Perceptions and Behavioural Impacts. International Journal of Man Machine Studies, 38, 475-487.
Dulcic, Z., Pavlic, D., & Silic, I. (2012). Evaluating the intended use of Decision Support System (DSS) by applying Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in business organizations in Croatia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 1565-1575.
Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of travel research, 31(4), 3-13.
El-Gohary, H. (2012). Factors affecting E-Marketing adoption and implementation in tourism firms: An empirical investigation of Egyptian small tourism organisations. Tourism management, 33(5), 1256-1269.
Foo, L. P., Chin, M. Y., Tan, K. L., & Phuah, K. T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on tourism industry in Malaysia. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-5.
Fotiadis, A., Polyzos, S., & Huan, T. C. T. (2021). The good, the bad and the ugly on COVID-19 tourism recovery. Annals of Tourism Research, 87, 1-14.
Fyall, A., & Leask, A. (2006). Destination marketing: Future issues—Strategic challenges. Tourism and hospitality research, 7(1), 50-63.
Gretzel, U., Fesenmaier, D. R., Formica, S., & O’Leary, J. T. (2006). Searching for the future: Challenges faced by destination marketing organizations. Journal of Travel Research, 45(2), 116-126.
Gretzel, U., Fuchs, M., Baggio, R., Hoepken, W., Law, R., Neidhardt, J., Pesonen, J., Zanker, M., & Xiang, Z. (2020). e-Tourism beyond COVID-19: a call for transformative research. Information Technology & Tourism, 22, 187-203.
Gumpo, C.I.V., Chuchu, T., Maziriri, E.T., & Madinga, N.W. (2020). Examining the usage of Instagram as a source of Information for young consumers when determining tourist destinations. South African Journal of Information Management, 22 (1), 1-11.
Hanan, H. & Putit, N. (2014). Express marketing of tourism destination using Instagram in social media networking. In Norzuwana Sumarjan, Mohd Salehudin Mohd Zahari, Salled Mohd Radzi, Zurinawati Mohi, Mohd Hafiz Mohd hanafiah, Mohd Faeez Saiful Bakhtiar & Atinah Zainal (Eds.), Hospitality and Tourism: Synergizing creativity and innovation in research (pp. 471-474). Croydon, Great Britain: Taylor & Francis Group.
Hays, S., Page, S. J., & Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations. Current issues in Tourism, 16(3), 211-239.
Herrero, Á., & San Martín, H. (2012). Developing and testing a global model to explain the adoption of websites by users in rural tourism accommodations. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), 1178-1186.
Hospers, G. J. (2004). Place marketing in Europe. Intereconomics, 39(5), 271-279.
Huang, Y. C., Backman, K. F., Backman, S. J., & Chang, L. L. (2016). Exploring the implications of virtual reality technology in tourism marketing: An integrated research framework. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(2), 116-128.
Hudson, S., & Thal, K. (2013). The impact of social media on the consumer decision process: Implications for tourism marketing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(1-2), 156-160.
Hvass, K. A. (2014). To fund or not to fund: A critical look at funding destination marketing campaigns. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(3), 173-179.
Ibrahim, R., Leng, N. S., Yusoff, R. C. M., Samy, G. N., Masrom, S., & Rizman, Z. I. (2017). E-learning acceptance based on technology acceptance model (TAM). Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 9(4S), 871-889.
Li, C. & Bernoff J. (2008). Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies. New York, Harvard Business Press.
Rauniar, R., Rawski, G., Yang, J., & Johnson, B. (2014). Technology acceptance model (TAM) and social media usage: an empirical study on Facebook. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 27(1), 6-30.
Sharmin, F., Sultan, M. T., Badulescu, D., Badulescu, A., Borma, A., & Li, B. (2021). Sustainable destination marketing ecosystem through smartphone-based social media: The consumers’ acceptance perspective. Sustainability, 13(4), 1-24.
Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of business research, 117, 312-321.
Solazzo, G., Maruccia, Y., Lorenzo, G., Ndou, V., Del Vecchio, P., & Elia, G. (2021). Extracting insights from big social data for smarter tourism destination management. Measuring Business Excellence. Emerald.
Kaefer, F. (2021). Jaume Marín on Destination Branding and Social Media. Management for Professionals, 173-175.
Kaushal, V., & Srivastava, S. (2021). Hospitality and tourism industry amid COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives on challenges and learnings from India. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102707.
King, J. (2002). Destination marketing organisations-Connecting the experience rather than promoting the place. Journal of vacation marketing, 8(2), 105-108.
Kock, F., Nørfelt, A., Josiassen, A., Assaf, A. G., & Tsionas, M. G. (2020). Understanding the COVID-19 tourist psyche: The evolutionary tourism paradigm. Annals of tourism research, 85, 1-13.
Kumpu, J., Pesonen, J., & Heinonen, J. (2021). Measuring the Value of Social Media Marketing from a Destination Marketing Organization Perspective. In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021 (pp. 365-377). Springer, Cham.
Kurashima, T., Iwata, T., Irie, G., & Fujimura, K. (2010). Travel route recommendation using geotags in photo sharing sites. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management (pp. 579-588).
Lange-Faria, W., & Elliot, S. (2012). Understanding the role of social media in destination marketing. Tourismos, 7(1), 193-211.
Lee, Y., Kozar, K. A., & Larsen, K. R. (2003). The technology acceptance model: Past, present, and future. Communications of the Association for information systems, 12(1), 752-780.
Leung, D., Law, R., Van Hoof, H., & Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media in tourism and hospitality: A literature review. Journal of travel & tourism marketing, 30(1-2), 3-22.
Li, S. C., Robinson, P., & Oriade, A. (2017). Destination marketing: The use of technology since the millennium. Journal of destination marketing & management, 6(2), 95-102.
MarketResearch.com (2021). Impact on Travel and Tourism Social Media - COVID-19 – Thematic Research. Retrieved from https://www.marketresearch.com/GlobalData-v3648/Impact-Travel-Tourism-Social-Media-13391987/ Accessed 17/06/2021
Miguéns, J., Baggio, R., & Costa, C. (2008). Social media and tourism destinations: TripAdvisor case study. Advances in tourism research, 26(28), 1-6.
Milano, R., Baggio, R., & Piattelli, R. (2011). The effects of online social media on tourism websites. In Information and communication technologies in tourism 2011 (pp. 471-483). Springer, Vienna.
Miličević, K., Mihalič, T., & Sever, I. (2017). An investigation of the relationship between destination branding and destination competitiveness. Journal of travel & tourism marketing, 34(2), 209-221.
Neuhofer, B., Buhalis, D., & Ladkin, A. (2012). Conceptualising technology enhanced destination experiences. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1(1-2), 36-46.
Noor, N. L., Hashim, M., Haron, H., & Ariffin, S. (2005). Community acceptance of knowledge sharing system in the travel and tourism websites: an application of an extension of TAM. 13th European Conference on Information Systems, Information Systems in a Rapidly Changing Economy.
Okumus, B., Okumus, F., & McKercher, B. (2007). Incorporating local and international cuisines in the marketing of tourism destinations: The cases of Hong Kong and Turkey. Tourism management, 28(1), 253-261.
Palmer, A., & Bejou, D. (1995). Tourism destination marketing alliances. Annals of tourism research, 22(3), 616-629.
Phatthana, W., & Mat, N. K. N. (2011). The Application of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) on health tourism e-purchase intention predictors in Thailand. In 2010 International Conference on Business and Economics Research (Vol. 1, pp. 196-199).
Piguillem, F., & Shi, L. (2020). Optimal Covid-19 Quarantine and Testing Policies. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP14613.
Pike, S. (2002). Destination image analysis-a review of 142 papers from 1973 to 2000. Tourism management, 23(5), 541-549.
Pike, S. (2012). Destination marketing. Routledge.
Pollock, A. (1995). The impact of information technology on destination marketing. Travel & Tourism Analyst, 3, 66-83.
Sautter, E. T., & Leisen, B. (1999). Managing stakeholders: A tourism planning model. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 312-328.
Sonnleitner, K. (2011). Destination image and its effects on marketing and branding a tourist destination: A case study about the Austrian National Tourist Office-with a focus on the arket Sweden. Master’s Dissertation. Retrieved from http://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:424606/FULLTEXT01.pdf Accessed (17/06/ 2021)
Stylidis, D. (2020). Residents’ destination image: a perspective article. Tourism Review, 75(1), 228-231.
Tasci, A. D., & Gartner, W. C. (2007). Destination image and its functional relationships. Journal of travel research, 45(4), 413-425.
Torres, R. (2010). Today’s traveler online: 5 consumer trends to guide your marketing strategy. Paper presented at the Eye for Travel, Travel Distribution Summit, Chicago, IL.
Ukpabi, D. C., & Karjaluoto, H. (2017). Consumers’ acceptance of information and communications technology in tourism: A review. Telematics and Informatics, 34(5), 618-644.
UNWTO (2011). Policy and Practice for Global Tourism. Madrid: UNWTO.
UNTWO (2021). Impact Assessment of the Covid-19 Outbreak on International Tourism. Retrieved from: https://www.unwto.org/impact-assessment-of-the-covid-19-outbreak-on-international-tourism Accessed 18/09/2021
Usoro, A., Shoyelu, S., & Kuofie, M. (2010). Task-technology fit and technology acceptance models applicability to e-tourism. Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance, and Marketing, 2(1), 1-32.
Wang, Y., & Pizam, A. (Eds.). (2011). Destination marketing and management: Theories and applications. Nosworthy Way, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. Cabi.
Wang, Y., & Xiang, Z. (2007). Toward a theoretical framework of collaborative destination marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 75-85.
Weber, L. (2009). Marketing to the social web: How digital customer communities build your business. John Wiley & Sons.
Weinberg, T. (2009). The new community rules: Marketing on the social web (pp. I-XVIII). Sebastopol, CA: O›Reilly.
Werthner, H., & Klein, S. (1999). Information technology and tourism: a challenging relationship. Springer-Verlag Wien.
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Published
2021-09-30
How to Cite
CHUCHU, Tinashe.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Technology in Destination Marketing during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
E-Journal of Tourism, [S.l.], p. 149-160, sep. 2021.
ISSN 2407-392X.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot/article/view/74597>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24922/eot.v8i2.74597.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the journal as the publisher of the journal. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles.
