TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF HISTOMONIASIS IN POULTRY: A LITERATURE RIVIEW
Abstract
Histomoniasis is a protozoan parasitic disease caused by Histomonas meleagridis. Clinical signs in histomoniasis develop 6-12 days post-infection, and are most common at 11 days post-infection, and include lethargy, emaciation, unkempt hair, yellow diarrhea, sulphur-like stools in the late stages of the disease when liver function is impaired. severe, and bile pigment is excreted through the kidneys. Lesions are observed mainly in the liver and cecum. Typical liver lesions are described as necrosis that is yellow to gray, green, or red. The size of the lesions varies widely, but is usually 1–2 cm in diameter, and may coalesce to form larger areas of necrosis. The cecum is most often enlarged bilaterally, with thickening of the cecum walls. The diagnosis can be made on the basis of clinical signs and characteristic lesions of the liver and/or cecum. A well-developed target lesion in the liver +/- cecum lesion is pathognomonic for this disease. Since no approved chemotherapy product is available for the treatment of histomoniasis, control measures are focused on prevention. There are no approved chemotherapy products available for the treatment of histomoniasis, so control measures are focused on prevention. To prevent the occurrence of histomoniasis, the best prevention that can be done is to apply good sanitation in livestock cages.
Downloads
References
Callait-Cardinal MP, Leroux S, Venereau E, Chauve CM, Le Pottier G, Zenner L .2007. Incidence of histomonosis in turkeys in France since the bans of dimetridazole and nifursol. Vet. Rec. 161(17): 581-585.
Chute MB, Chute AM. 1969. Freeze preservation of Histomonas meleagridis. Poult. Sci. 48: 2189-2191.
Cortes PL, Chin RP, Bland MC, Crespo R, Shivaprasad HL. 2004. Histomoniasis in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens. Avian Dis. 48(3): 711-715.
Dolka, Żbikowski A, Dolka I, Szeleszczuk P. 2015. Histomonosis an existing problem in chicken flocks in Poland Beata. Vet. Res. Commun. 39: 189-195.
European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2009. Status of MRL procedures. MRL assessments in the context of Council Regulations (EEC) No 2377/90. EMEA/CVMP/765/99- Rev.23, 1–19
FDA. 2015a. FDA announces pending withdrawal of approval of nitarsone. Rockville, MD: FDA, Center for Veterinary Medicine.
FDA. 2015b. Title 21. food and drugs, chapter i-food and drug administration, Department of Health and Human Services, subchapter E-animal drugs, feeds, and related products, part 530 – extralabel drug use in animals, subpart e-safe levels for extralabel use of drugs in animals and drugs prohibited from extralabel use in animals. 530.41. Code of Federal Regulations 6 (revised as of April 1, 2015).
Fitz-Coy SH. 2013. Parasitic diseases. Avian Disease Manual, 7th 122 ed. Edited by Bouilanne MML, Brash BR, Charlton SH, Fitz-Coy RM, Fulton RJ, Julian MW, Jackwood D. Ojkic LJ, Newman JE, Sander HL, Shivaprasad E, Wallner-Pendleton, Woolcock PR. Pp 168-169.
Gonder E, Tilley B. 2016. A recurrence of blackhead in young turkey breeder toms in a house that had experienced blackhead many years previously. Proc. AAAP/AVMA Blackhead Mini-symposium.
Grabensteiner E, Hess M. 2006. Pcr for the identi¿cation and differentiation of Histomonas meleagridis, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Blastocystis spp. Vet. Parasitol. 142(4): 223-230.
Hauck R, Balczulat S, Hafez HM. 2010. Detection of DNA of histomonas meleagridis and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum in german poultry flocks between 2004 and 2008. Avian Dis. 54: 1021-1025.
Hu J, Fuller L, Armstrong PL, McDougald LR. 2006. Histomonas meleagridis in chickens: attempted transmission in the absence of vectors. Avian Dis. 50: 277-279.
Jones KH. 2005. Histomoniasis (blackhead). Aviagen: Technical update, volume 2.
Liebhart D, Sulejmanovic T, Grafl B, Tichy A, Hess M. 2013. Vaccination against histomonosis prevents a drop in egg production in layers following challenge. Avian Pathol. 42(1): 79-84.
Liu D, Kong L, Tao J, Xu J. 2015. An outbreak of Histomoniasis in backyard sanhuang chickens. Korean J. Parasitol. 56(6): 597-602.
Lotfi A, Hauck R, Olias P, Hafez HM. 2014. Pathogenesis of histomonosis in experimentally infected specific-pathogen-free (SPF) layer-type chickens and SPF meat-type chickens. Avian Dis. 58: 424-432.
McDougald LR. 2005. Blackhead disease (Histomoniasis) in poultry: a critical review. Avian Dis. 49: 462-476.
R¨udiger H, Stefanie B, Hafez MH. 2010. Detection of dna of Histomonas meleagridis and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum in German poultry flocks between 2004 and 2008. Avian Dis. 54: 1021-1025.
Reis JJL, Beckstead RB, Brown CC, Gerhold RW. 2009. Histomonas meleagridis and capillarid infection in a captive chukar (Alectoris chukar). Avian Dis. 53(4): 45-46.
Shahaza O, Jin Seng O, Norina L, Jamaiyah, Salmeah AR, Suhaimi A, Nurul AAB, Jamal-Nasir MH, Maswati MA. 2015. Histomoniasis and incidental finding of schistosoma mansoni in Turkey Birds. Malaysian J. Vet. Res. 6(1): 29-32.
Son HY, Kim NS, Ryu SY, Shin HJ, Park MK, Kim HC, Cho JG, Park BK. 2009. An outbreak of chicken histomoniasis in the absence of normal vectors. J. Vet. Clin. 26(6): 591-594.
Trindade MM, Scheneiders G, Correa IMO, Flores M, Kommers GD. 2011. Histomoníase em pavão (Pavo cristatus). A Hora Vet. Porto Alegre. 31(184): 56-58.
