BETWEEN ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY: HOW TO PROFIT FROM WILD ANIMALS WITHOUT EXPLOITING THEM
Abstract
The wild animal trade is a large-scale and profitable business. We understand that it is a business that generates economic income, and people actually profit from it. However, it comes with many negative implications, starting with the practice itself, which is deemed unethical and harmful to animal welfare. Excessive practice leads to biodiversity loss, nature imbalance, and even the spreading of infectious diseases. It begs the question: is profiting from wild animals worth all the negative implications to the ecology? What if there were other ways to generate income from wild animals without physically exploiting them? This paper tries to answer that question. Utilizing the literature review and exploratory descriptive methods It is done by researching similar issues, such as tree cutting for timber, which causes deforestation. And how people can earn money by preserving trees rather than cutting them down, through the carbon offset mechanism. The results showed that it is possible to profit from wild animals without physically capturing and selling them. It is suggested that we can develop a means of ethical wild animal tourism. Instead of selling the animals, we are selling the experience of finding them and watching them doing their natural activities in national parks. The more numbers of wild animals preserved in their natural habitat, the more abundant they are and the more appealing they are as a tourist destination. In a way, profits could potentially be higher and more effective than selling individual animals.
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References
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Symes WS, Edwards DP, Miettinen J. 2018. Combined impacts of deforestation and wild animal trade on tropical biodiversity are severely underestimated. Nat. Commun. 9: 4052.
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Wittemyer G. Northrup JM, Blanc J, Douglas-Hamilton I, Omondi P, Burnham KP. 2014. Illegal killing for ivory drives global decline in African elephants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 111(36): 13117-13121.
Wyatt T, Maher J, Allen D. 2022. The welfare of wild animal: an interdisciplinary analysis of harm in the legal and illegal wild animal trades and possible ways forward. Crime Law Soc. Change. 77: 69–89.
Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z. 2020. Probable pangolin origin of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the COVID-19 outbreak. Cur. Biol. 30(7): 1346-1351.
Bullen C. 2022. The 8 Best Places to Go Birdwatching Around the World. Available online from: https://www.viator.com/blog/The-Best-Places-to-Go-BirdwatchingAround-the-World/l94038 [Accessed November 28, 2022].
Catalano R. 2021. Could a birding boom in the U.S. help conservation take flight? Available online from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/could-aboom-in-us-birding-help-fund-conservation [Accessed November 28, 2022].
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. 2011. Carbon offset. Available online from: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/carbonoffset [Accessed November 28, 2022].
D’Cruze N, Green J, Elwin A, Schmidt-Burbach J. 2020. Trading tactics: time to rethink the global trade in wildlife. Animals. 10(12): 1-10.
Daly N. 2019. How to do wildlife tourism right. Available online from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/how-to-do-wildlife-tourismright#:~:text=Look%20for%20red%20flags&text=Being%20chained%2C%20performi ng%2C%20and%20interacting,wild%20experiences%20in%20national%20parks.) [Accessed November 28, 2022].
Devaux CA, Mediannikov O, Medkour H, Raoult D. 2019. Infectious disease risk across the growing human-non human primate interface: a review of the evidence. Front. Pub. Health. 7: 1-22
Dudley N. 2008. Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. x + 86pp. WITH Stolton, S., P. Shadie, N. Dudley. 2013. IUCN WCPA Best Practice Guidance on Recognising Protected Areas and Assigning Management Categories and Governance Types. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 21, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. xxpp.
Eddyono F, Darusman D, Sumarwan U, Sunarminto T. 2021. Performance of tourism competitiveness in national park area of Indonesia. J. Environ. Manag. Tourism. 12(4): 1099-1110.
Encon. No date. Calculation of CO2 offsetting by trees. Available online from: https://www.encon.eu/en/calculation-co2-offsetting-trees#:~:text=To%20compensate%201%20tonne%20of,to%2046%20trees%20are% 20needed. [Accessed November 28, 2022].
European Parliament. 2020. Biodiversity loss: what is causing it and why is it a concern? Available online from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20200109STO69929/bio diversity-loss-what-is-causing-it-and-why-is-it-a-concern [Accessed November 25, 2022].
Gemeda DO, Meles SK. 2018. Impacts of Human-Wildlife Conflict in Developing Countries. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag. 22(8): 1233–1238.
Haas TC, Ferreira SM. 2016. Combating Rhino horn trafficking: the need to disrupt criminal networks. PLoS One. 11: e0167040.
International Animal Rescue Indonesia. 2021. Understanding and mitigating YouTube’s monkey problem: insights from Indonesia. Asia For Animals Conference 2021.
IUCN SSC HWCTF. 2022. Human-Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence. Available online from: https://www.hwctf.org/about [Accessed November 28, 2022].
IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group. 2021. Best Practice Guidelines for Responsible Images of Non-Human Primates. The IUCN Primate Specialist Group Section for Human-Primate Interactions.
Jorgenson AK, Fiske S, Hubacek K. 2019. Social science perspectives on drivers of and responses to global climate change. WIREs Clim. Change. 10: e554.
Kilgore G. 2022. How Many Trees to Offset 1 Ton of CO2 (& Why It Doesn’t Matter). Available online from: https://8billiontrees.com/carbon-offsets-credits/how-manytrees-to-offset-1-ton-of-co2/ [Accessed November 28, 2022].
Lee C-K, Lee J-H, Kim T-K, Mjelde J. 2010. Preferences and willingness to pay for bird-watching tour and interpretive services using a choice experiment. J. Sust. Tourism. 18: 695-708.
Lewis L. 2022. Breaking! Heart-Wrenching Footage Reveals Cruel Capture Of Indonesia’s Wild Monkeys Exported For Research; This Must End! Available online from: https://worldanimalnews.com/breaking-heart-wrenching-footage-reveals-cruelcapture-of-indonesias-wild-monkeys-to-be-exported-for-research-this-must-end/ [Accessed December 1, 2022].
Macauley MK, Shih J-S. 2010. Assessing investment in future Landsat instruments: the example of forest carbon offsets. Resources for the Future. Washington. Pp. 10–14.
Maulana R. 2021. The paradox of wild animal ownership, in the midst of pandemic caused by wild animal transmitted disease. J. Environ. Sustain. Manag. 6(2): 106-125.
Moorhouse T, Neil CD, Macdonald DW. 2017. Unethical use of wildlife in tourism: what's the problem, who is responsible, and what can be done?. J. Sustain. Tourism. 25(4): 505-516.
National Geographic Society. 2022. Deforestation. Available online from: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/deforestation[Accessed November 28, 2022]
O’Kelly HJ. Evans TD, Stokes EJ, Clements TJ, Dara A, Gately M, Menghor N, Pollard EH, Soriyun M, Walston J. 2012. Identifying conservation successes, failures and future opportunities; assessing recovery potential of wild ungulates and tigers in Eastern Cambodia. PLoS One. 7(10): e40482.
Purnomo A, Idris I, Kurniawan B. 2020. Understanding local community in managing sustainable tourism at baluran national park – Indonesia. Geo J. Tourism and Geosites. 29(2): 508–520.
Smith L. 2014. Zoos Drive Animals Crazy. Available online from:https://slate.com/technology/2014/06/animal-madness-zoochosis-stereotypicbehavior-and-problems-with-zoos.html [Accessed November 28, 2022].
Social Media Animal Cruelty Coalition. 2021. Making Money from Misery How social media giants profit from animal abuse. SMACC Report 2021.
Social Media Animal Cruelty Coalition. 2022. Teasing as torture. SMACC Spotlight Report.
Social Media Animal Cruelty Coalition. 2022. Wild animal "pets" on social media: A vicious cycle of suffering. SMACC Spotlight Report.
Subramanian KR. 2018. The Crisis of Consumption of Natural Resources. Int. J. Recent Innov. Acad. Res. 2(4): 819.
Symes WS, Edwards DP, Miettinen J. 2018. Combined impacts of deforestation and wild animal trade on tropical biodiversity are severely underestimated. Nat. Commun. 9: 4052.
United Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research Institute. 2020. Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. Nairobi, Kenya.
Wild Welfare. 2022. Elephants to Amphibians – Animal Interactions In Zoos & Aquariums. Available online from: https://wildwelfare.org/elephants-to-amphibiansanimal-interactions-in-zoos-and-aquariums/ [Accessed November 28, 2022].
Wittemyer G. Northrup JM, Blanc J, Douglas-Hamilton I, Omondi P, Burnham KP. 2014. Illegal killing for ivory drives global decline in African elephants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 111(36): 13117-13121.
Wyatt T, Maher J, Allen D. 2022. The welfare of wild animal: an interdisciplinary analysis of harm in the legal and illegal wild animal trades and possible ways forward. Crime Law Soc. Change. 77: 69–89.
Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z. 2020. Probable pangolin origin of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the COVID-19 outbreak. Cur. Biol. 30(7): 1346-1351.
Published
2023-07-09
How to Cite
MAULANA, Rheza.
BETWEEN ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY: HOW TO PROFIT FROM WILD ANIMALS WITHOUT EXPLOITING THEM.
Buletin Veteriner Udayana, [S.l.], p. 957-963, july 2023.
ISSN 2477-2712.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/buletinvet/article/view/104074>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/bulvet.2023.v15.i05.p32.
Section
Articles
