ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT IN CATS: ASSURANCE OF FELINE WELFARE FULFILLMENT WITHIN CLINICAL SETTING
Abstract
Assessing, acknowledging, and managing pain in feline patients are often challenging. Failure to recognize and protect the cats from the harmful effects of nociception, therefore, often ensues. Feline patients that are afflicted with illness and tissue trauma that may arise from trauma or surgery have acute pain that needs to be addressed. Acute pain can present with varying degrees of intensity, a parameter of sensory-discriminatory aspect, and unpleasantness, a perceived feeling that is integral to affective aspect. Notwithstanding its usefulness to protect the tissue from further damage, acute pain is detrimental to the feline’s welfare, comprising physical and mental wellness if not managed properly. Uncontrolled pain has also been associated with increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalization period due to delayed recovery, increased health-care cost, and decreased quality of life. This review article is made with the aim to elucidate how acute pain in cats is recognized, prevented, and treated, both pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically.
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References
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Bell A. 2009. Constant-rate infusions: part two. Vet Times.
Belli M, de Oliveira AR, de Lima MT, Trindade PHE, Steagall PV, Luna SPL. 2021. Clinical validation of the short and long UNESP-Botucatu scales for feline pain assessment. PeerJ. 9: e11225.
Benito J, Monteiro BP, Beauchamp G, Lascelles BDX, Steagall PV. 2017. Evaluation of interobserver agreement for postoperative pain and sedation assessment in cats. J. Am. Vet. Medical Assoc. 251(5): 544–551.
Berteselli GV, Spiezio C, Normando S, de Mori B, Zaborra CA. 2014. What do domestic cats have in common with European wildcats? J. Vet. Behav.: Clin. Appl. Res. 9(6): e2.
Bloomfield M, Waters C, Dixon M, Taylor P, Robertson S, Ruprah M, Sear JW. 2001. Morphine, pethidine and buprenorphine disposition in the cat. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 24(6): 391–398.
Brondani JT, Luna SPL, Minto BW, Santos BPR, Beier SL, Matsubara LM, Padovani CR. 2013. Confiabilidade e pontuação mínima relacionada à intervenção analgésica de uma escala multidimensional para avaliação de dor pós-operatória em gatos. Arquivo Bras. Med. Vet. Zoot. 65(1): 153–162.
Buisman M, Wagner MC, Hasiuk MMM, Prebble M, Law L, Pang DSJ. 2016. Effects of ketamine and alfaxalone on application of a feline pain assessment scale. J. Feline Med. Surg. 18(8): 643–651.
Calvo G, Holden E, Reid J, Scott EM, Firth A, Bell A, Robertson S, Nolan AM. 2014. Development of a behaviour-based measurement tool with defined intervention level for assessing acute pain in cats. J. Small Anim. Prac. 55(12): 622–629.
Cicirelli V, Burgio M, Lacalandra GM, Aiudi GG. 2022. Local and regional anaesthetic techniques in canine ovariectomy: A review of the literature and technique description. Animals 12(15): ani12151920.
Coleman DL, Slingsby LS. 2007. Attitudes of veterinary nurses to the assessment of pain and the use of pain scales. Vet. Rec. 160(16): 541–544.
Costigan M, Scholz J, Woolf CJ. 2009. Neuropathic pain: A maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 32: 1–32.
Court MH. 2013. Feline drug metabolism and disposition: pharmacokinetic evidence for species differences and molecular mechanisms. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Prac. 43(5): 1039–1054.
Dalla CE, Minero M, Lebelt D, Stucke D, Canali E, Leach MC. 2014. Development of the horse grimace scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration. Plos One. 9(3): e92281.
Dohoo SE, Dohoo IR. 1996. Factors influencing the postoperative use of analgesics in dogs and cats by Canadian veterinarians. Can. Vet. J. 37(9): 552.
Dolphin AC. 2013. The α2δ subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Biomembranes. 1828(7): 1541–1549.
Evangelista MC, Watanabe R, Leung VSY, Monteiro BP, O’Toole E, Pang DSJ, Steagall PV. 2019. Facial expressions of pain in cats: the development and validation of a Feline Grimace Scale. Sci. Rep. 9(1): 1–11.
Fields HL, Rowbotham M, Baron R. 1998. Postherpetic neuralgia: Irritable nociceptors and deafferentation. Neurobiol. Dis. 5(4): 209–227.
Fromm D. 1987. How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect gastric mucosal defenses? Clin. Investig. Med. 10(3): 251–258.
Gan TJ. 2017. Poorly controlled postoperative pain: prevalence, consequences, and prevention. J. Pain Res. 10: 2287.
Grubb T, Lobprise H. 2020. Local and regional anaesthesia in dogs and cats: Overview of concepts and drugs (Part 1). Vet. Med. Sci. 6(2): 209.
Gruen ME, Lascelles BDX, Colleran E, Gottlieb A, Johnson J, Lotsikas P, Marcellin-Littl, D., and Wright, B. 2022. 2022 AAHA Pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 58(2): 55–76.
Gunew MN, Menrath VH, Marshall RD. 2008. Long-term safety, efficacy and palatability of oral meloxicam at 0.01-0.03 mg/kg for treatment of osteoarthritic pain in cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 10(3): 235–241.
Holden E, Calvo G, Collins M, Bell A, Reid J, Scott EM, Nolan AM. 2014. Evaluation of facial expression in acute pain in cats. J. Small Anim. Prac. 55(12): 615–621.
Hugonnard M, Leblond A, Keroack S, Cadoré JL, Troncy E. 2004. Attitudes and concerns of French veterinarians towards pain and analgesia in dogs and cats. Vet. Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 31(3): 154–163.
Joubert KE. 2001. The use of analgesic drugs by South African veterinarians. J. South African Vet. Assoc. 72(1): 57–60.
Keating SCJ, Thomas AA, Flecknell PA, Leach MC. 2012. Evaluation of EMLA cream for preventing pain during tattooing of rabbits: changes in physiological, behavioural and facial expression responses. PloS One. 7(9): e44437.
Kim GH. 2008. Renal effects of prostaglandins and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Electrolytes and Blood Pressure: E and BP. 6(1): 35.
Langford DJ, Bailey AL, Chanda ML, Clarke SE, Drummond TE, Echols S, Glick S, Ingrao J, Klassen-Ross T, Lacroix-Fralish ML, Matsumiya L, Sorge RE, Sotocinal SG, Tabaka JM, Wong D, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Ferrari MD, Craig KD, Mogil, JS. 2010. Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse. Nat. Methods. 7(6): 447–449.
Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ. 2009. Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. The J. Pain : Official J. Am. Pain Soc. 10(9): 895.
Lavallee JO, Olson J. 2017. Feline-Specific Conditions. In R. J. Riegel and J. C. Godbold Jr (Eds.). Laser Therapy Vet. Med. Photobiomodulation. Pp. 198–211.
Luna SPL, Trindade PHE, Monteiro BP, Crosignani N, della Rocca G, Ruel HLM, Yamashita K, Kronen P, te Tseng C, Teixeira L, Steagall PV. 2022. Multilingual validation of the short form of the Unesp-Botucatu Feline Pain Scale (UFEPS-SF). PeerJ. 10: e13134.
Marks SL, Kook PH, Papich MG, Tolbert MK, Willard MD. 2018. ACVIM consensus statement: Support for rational administration of gastrointestinal protectants to dogs and cats. J. Vet. Int. Med. 32(6): 1823–1840.
Marques VI, Cassu RN, Nascimento FF, Tavares RCP, Crociolli GC, Guilhen RC, Nicácio GM. 2015. Laser acupuncture for postoperative pain management in cats. Evidence-Based Compl. Altern. Med. 2015: 653270.
Melzack R, Casey KL. 1968. Sensory, motivational, and central control determinants of pain: A new conceptual model. In D. R. Kenshalo (Ed.), The Skin Senses. Pp. 423–443.
Merola I, Mills DS. 2016a. Behavioural signs of pain in cats: an expert consensus. Plos One. 11(2): 0150040.
Merola I, Mills DS. 2016b. Systematic review of the behavioural assessment of pain in cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 18(2): 60–76.
Monteiro BP, Klinck MP, Moreau M, Guillot M, Steagall PVM, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Gauvin D, del Castillo JRE, Troncy E. 2017. Analgesic efficacy of tramadol in cats with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Plos One. 12(4): 0175565
Monteiro B, Steagall PVM, Lascelles BDX, Robertson S, Murrell JC, Kronen PW, Wright B, Yamashita K. 2019. Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats with chronic kidney disease: from controversy to optimism. J. Small Anim. Prac. 60(8): 459–462.
Muir WW. 2015. Pain and stress: Stress-induced hyperalgesia and hypoalgesia. In Handbook of Veterinary Pain Management: 3rd Ed. Elsevier Inc. Pp. 42–60.
Park JF, Luo ZD. 2010. Calcium channel functions in pain processing. Channels. 4(6): 510.
Pathan H, Williams J. 2012. Basic opioid pharmacology: an update. British J. Pain. 6(1): 11.
Pypendop BH, Siao KT, Ilkiw JE. 2009. Effects of tramadol hydrochloride on the thermal threshold in cats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 70(12): 1465–1470.
Reid J, Nolan AM, Scott EM. 2018. Measuring pain in dogs and cats using structured behavioural observation. Vet. J. 236: 72–79.
Reid J, Scott EM, Calvo G, Nolan AM. 2017. Definitive glasgow acute pain scale for cats: validation and intervention level. Vet. Rec. 180(18): 449.
Rodan I, Sundahl E, Carney H, Gagnon AC, Heath S, Landsberg G, Seksel K, Yin S. 2011. AAFP and ISFM feline-friendly handling guidelines. J. Med. Surg 13(5): 364–375.
Simon BT, Scallan EM, Carroll G, Steagall PV. 2017. The lack of analgesic use (oligoanalgesia) in small animal practice. J. Small Animal Prac. 58(10), 543–554.
Sparkes AH, Helene R, Lascelles BDX, Malik R, Sampietro LR, Robertson S, Scherk M, Taylor P. 2010. Isfm and AAFP consensus guidelines: long-term use of nsaids in cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 12(7): 521–538.
Steagall PV, Benito J, Monteiro BP, Doodnaught GM, Beauchamp G, Evangelista MC. 2018. Analgesic effects of gabapentin and buprenorphine in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy using two pain-scoring systems: a randomized clinical trial. J. Feline Med. Surg. 20(8): 741–748.
Steagall PV, Monteiro BP. 2019. Acute pain in cats: Recent advances in clinical assessment. J. Feline Med. Surg. 21(1): 25–34.
Steagall PV, Robertson S, Simon B, Warne LN, Shilo-Benjamini Y, Taylor S. 2022. 2022 ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Acute Pain in Cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 24(1): 4–30.
Tsagareli MG. 2019. Hyperalgesia and allodynia : a closer look. symptoms, mechanisms and treatment. NOVA Science Publishers.
Williams VM, Lascelles BDX, Robson MC. 2005. Current attitudes to, and use of, peri-operative analgesia in dogs and cats by veterinarians in New Zealand. New Zealand Vet. J. 53(3): 193–202.
Wright B, Kronen PW, Lascelles D, Monteiro B, Murrell JC, Robertson S, Steagall PVM, Yamashita K. 2020. Ice therapy: cool, current and complicated. J. Small Anim. Prac. 61(5): 267–271.
Yang,X, Wei X, Mu Y, Li Q, Liu J. 2020. A review of the mechanism of the central analgesic effect of lidocaine. Medicine. 99(17): e19898.
Zochodne D. 2012. Neuropathic pain: redundant pathways, inadequate therapy. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 39(4): 409–410.
Bell A. 2009. Constant-rate infusions: part two. Vet Times.
Belli M, de Oliveira AR, de Lima MT, Trindade PHE, Steagall PV, Luna SPL. 2021. Clinical validation of the short and long UNESP-Botucatu scales for feline pain assessment. PeerJ. 9: e11225.
Benito J, Monteiro BP, Beauchamp G, Lascelles BDX, Steagall PV. 2017. Evaluation of interobserver agreement for postoperative pain and sedation assessment in cats. J. Am. Vet. Medical Assoc. 251(5): 544–551.
Berteselli GV, Spiezio C, Normando S, de Mori B, Zaborra CA. 2014. What do domestic cats have in common with European wildcats? J. Vet. Behav.: Clin. Appl. Res. 9(6): e2.
Bloomfield M, Waters C, Dixon M, Taylor P, Robertson S, Ruprah M, Sear JW. 2001. Morphine, pethidine and buprenorphine disposition in the cat. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 24(6): 391–398.
Brondani JT, Luna SPL, Minto BW, Santos BPR, Beier SL, Matsubara LM, Padovani CR. 2013. Confiabilidade e pontuação mínima relacionada à intervenção analgésica de uma escala multidimensional para avaliação de dor pós-operatória em gatos. Arquivo Bras. Med. Vet. Zoot. 65(1): 153–162.
Buisman M, Wagner MC, Hasiuk MMM, Prebble M, Law L, Pang DSJ. 2016. Effects of ketamine and alfaxalone on application of a feline pain assessment scale. J. Feline Med. Surg. 18(8): 643–651.
Calvo G, Holden E, Reid J, Scott EM, Firth A, Bell A, Robertson S, Nolan AM. 2014. Development of a behaviour-based measurement tool with defined intervention level for assessing acute pain in cats. J. Small Anim. Prac. 55(12): 622–629.
Cicirelli V, Burgio M, Lacalandra GM, Aiudi GG. 2022. Local and regional anaesthetic techniques in canine ovariectomy: A review of the literature and technique description. Animals 12(15): ani12151920.
Coleman DL, Slingsby LS. 2007. Attitudes of veterinary nurses to the assessment of pain and the use of pain scales. Vet. Rec. 160(16): 541–544.
Costigan M, Scholz J, Woolf CJ. 2009. Neuropathic pain: A maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 32: 1–32.
Court MH. 2013. Feline drug metabolism and disposition: pharmacokinetic evidence for species differences and molecular mechanisms. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Prac. 43(5): 1039–1054.
Dalla CE, Minero M, Lebelt D, Stucke D, Canali E, Leach MC. 2014. Development of the horse grimace scale (HGS) as a pain assessment tool in horses undergoing routine castration. Plos One. 9(3): e92281.
Dohoo SE, Dohoo IR. 1996. Factors influencing the postoperative use of analgesics in dogs and cats by Canadian veterinarians. Can. Vet. J. 37(9): 552.
Dolphin AC. 2013. The α2δ subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Biomembranes. 1828(7): 1541–1549.
Evangelista MC, Watanabe R, Leung VSY, Monteiro BP, O’Toole E, Pang DSJ, Steagall PV. 2019. Facial expressions of pain in cats: the development and validation of a Feline Grimace Scale. Sci. Rep. 9(1): 1–11.
Fields HL, Rowbotham M, Baron R. 1998. Postherpetic neuralgia: Irritable nociceptors and deafferentation. Neurobiol. Dis. 5(4): 209–227.
Fromm D. 1987. How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect gastric mucosal defenses? Clin. Investig. Med. 10(3): 251–258.
Gan TJ. 2017. Poorly controlled postoperative pain: prevalence, consequences, and prevention. J. Pain Res. 10: 2287.
Grubb T, Lobprise H. 2020. Local and regional anaesthesia in dogs and cats: Overview of concepts and drugs (Part 1). Vet. Med. Sci. 6(2): 209.
Gruen ME, Lascelles BDX, Colleran E, Gottlieb A, Johnson J, Lotsikas P, Marcellin-Littl, D., and Wright, B. 2022. 2022 AAHA Pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 58(2): 55–76.
Gunew MN, Menrath VH, Marshall RD. 2008. Long-term safety, efficacy and palatability of oral meloxicam at 0.01-0.03 mg/kg for treatment of osteoarthritic pain in cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 10(3): 235–241.
Holden E, Calvo G, Collins M, Bell A, Reid J, Scott EM, Nolan AM. 2014. Evaluation of facial expression in acute pain in cats. J. Small Anim. Prac. 55(12): 615–621.
Hugonnard M, Leblond A, Keroack S, Cadoré JL, Troncy E. 2004. Attitudes and concerns of French veterinarians towards pain and analgesia in dogs and cats. Vet. Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 31(3): 154–163.
Joubert KE. 2001. The use of analgesic drugs by South African veterinarians. J. South African Vet. Assoc. 72(1): 57–60.
Keating SCJ, Thomas AA, Flecknell PA, Leach MC. 2012. Evaluation of EMLA cream for preventing pain during tattooing of rabbits: changes in physiological, behavioural and facial expression responses. PloS One. 7(9): e44437.
Kim GH. 2008. Renal effects of prostaglandins and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Electrolytes and Blood Pressure: E and BP. 6(1): 35.
Langford DJ, Bailey AL, Chanda ML, Clarke SE, Drummond TE, Echols S, Glick S, Ingrao J, Klassen-Ross T, Lacroix-Fralish ML, Matsumiya L, Sorge RE, Sotocinal SG, Tabaka JM, Wong D, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Ferrari MD, Craig KD, Mogil, JS. 2010. Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse. Nat. Methods. 7(6): 447–449.
Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ. 2009. Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. The J. Pain : Official J. Am. Pain Soc. 10(9): 895.
Lavallee JO, Olson J. 2017. Feline-Specific Conditions. In R. J. Riegel and J. C. Godbold Jr (Eds.). Laser Therapy Vet. Med. Photobiomodulation. Pp. 198–211.
Luna SPL, Trindade PHE, Monteiro BP, Crosignani N, della Rocca G, Ruel HLM, Yamashita K, Kronen P, te Tseng C, Teixeira L, Steagall PV. 2022. Multilingual validation of the short form of the Unesp-Botucatu Feline Pain Scale (UFEPS-SF). PeerJ. 10: e13134.
Marks SL, Kook PH, Papich MG, Tolbert MK, Willard MD. 2018. ACVIM consensus statement: Support for rational administration of gastrointestinal protectants to dogs and cats. J. Vet. Int. Med. 32(6): 1823–1840.
Marques VI, Cassu RN, Nascimento FF, Tavares RCP, Crociolli GC, Guilhen RC, Nicácio GM. 2015. Laser acupuncture for postoperative pain management in cats. Evidence-Based Compl. Altern. Med. 2015: 653270.
Melzack R, Casey KL. 1968. Sensory, motivational, and central control determinants of pain: A new conceptual model. In D. R. Kenshalo (Ed.), The Skin Senses. Pp. 423–443.
Merola I, Mills DS. 2016a. Behavioural signs of pain in cats: an expert consensus. Plos One. 11(2): 0150040.
Merola I, Mills DS. 2016b. Systematic review of the behavioural assessment of pain in cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 18(2): 60–76.
Monteiro BP, Klinck MP, Moreau M, Guillot M, Steagall PVM, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Gauvin D, del Castillo JRE, Troncy E. 2017. Analgesic efficacy of tramadol in cats with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Plos One. 12(4): 0175565
Monteiro B, Steagall PVM, Lascelles BDX, Robertson S, Murrell JC, Kronen PW, Wright B, Yamashita K. 2019. Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats with chronic kidney disease: from controversy to optimism. J. Small Anim. Prac. 60(8): 459–462.
Muir WW. 2015. Pain and stress: Stress-induced hyperalgesia and hypoalgesia. In Handbook of Veterinary Pain Management: 3rd Ed. Elsevier Inc. Pp. 42–60.
Park JF, Luo ZD. 2010. Calcium channel functions in pain processing. Channels. 4(6): 510.
Pathan H, Williams J. 2012. Basic opioid pharmacology: an update. British J. Pain. 6(1): 11.
Pypendop BH, Siao KT, Ilkiw JE. 2009. Effects of tramadol hydrochloride on the thermal threshold in cats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 70(12): 1465–1470.
Reid J, Nolan AM, Scott EM. 2018. Measuring pain in dogs and cats using structured behavioural observation. Vet. J. 236: 72–79.
Reid J, Scott EM, Calvo G, Nolan AM. 2017. Definitive glasgow acute pain scale for cats: validation and intervention level. Vet. Rec. 180(18): 449.
Rodan I, Sundahl E, Carney H, Gagnon AC, Heath S, Landsberg G, Seksel K, Yin S. 2011. AAFP and ISFM feline-friendly handling guidelines. J. Med. Surg 13(5): 364–375.
Simon BT, Scallan EM, Carroll G, Steagall PV. 2017. The lack of analgesic use (oligoanalgesia) in small animal practice. J. Small Animal Prac. 58(10), 543–554.
Sparkes AH, Helene R, Lascelles BDX, Malik R, Sampietro LR, Robertson S, Scherk M, Taylor P. 2010. Isfm and AAFP consensus guidelines: long-term use of nsaids in cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 12(7): 521–538.
Steagall PV, Benito J, Monteiro BP, Doodnaught GM, Beauchamp G, Evangelista MC. 2018. Analgesic effects of gabapentin and buprenorphine in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy using two pain-scoring systems: a randomized clinical trial. J. Feline Med. Surg. 20(8): 741–748.
Steagall PV, Monteiro BP. 2019. Acute pain in cats: Recent advances in clinical assessment. J. Feline Med. Surg. 21(1): 25–34.
Steagall PV, Robertson S, Simon B, Warne LN, Shilo-Benjamini Y, Taylor S. 2022. 2022 ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Acute Pain in Cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 24(1): 4–30.
Tsagareli MG. 2019. Hyperalgesia and allodynia : a closer look. symptoms, mechanisms and treatment. NOVA Science Publishers.
Williams VM, Lascelles BDX, Robson MC. 2005. Current attitudes to, and use of, peri-operative analgesia in dogs and cats by veterinarians in New Zealand. New Zealand Vet. J. 53(3): 193–202.
Wright B, Kronen PW, Lascelles D, Monteiro B, Murrell JC, Robertson S, Steagall PVM, Yamashita K. 2020. Ice therapy: cool, current and complicated. J. Small Anim. Prac. 61(5): 267–271.
Yang,X, Wei X, Mu Y, Li Q, Liu J. 2020. A review of the mechanism of the central analgesic effect of lidocaine. Medicine. 99(17): e19898.
Zochodne D. 2012. Neuropathic pain: redundant pathways, inadequate therapy. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 39(4): 409–410.
Published
2023-07-09
How to Cite
GUNAWAN, Michael; UTAMI, Nindya Dwi; NOVIANA, Deni.
ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT IN CATS: ASSURANCE OF FELINE WELFARE FULFILLMENT WITHIN CLINICAL SETTING.
Buletin Veteriner Udayana, [S.l.], p. 930-942, july 2023.
ISSN 2477-2712.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/buletinvet/article/view/104049>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/bulvet.2023.v15.i05.p29.
Section
Articles
