COMPARISON OF MINI-FLOTAC TECHNIQUE AND FLOTATION TECHNIQUE IN COPROSCOPIC TEST OF WORMS IN GREEN TURTLE FECES
Abstract
The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) as a protected animal is an indicator of the health of marine ecosystems because it is a sentinel species. The most common cause of green turtle death is endoparasite infection. The discovery of worm eggs is based on coproscopic techniques using sedimentation, desorption, centrifugation and flotation of material. The Mini-FLOTAC technique is a direct method that was recently developed from the previous flotation technique for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections. This study aims to compare the results of examination of worm eggs using the Mini-FLOTAC Technique and the Flotation Technique. The study used green turtle feces at the TCEC Serangan Bali Conservation and Education Center. The sample used 2 grams for each type of technique. Furthermore, an examination was carried out with the Mini-FLOTAC Technique and Flotation Technique in the Turtle Conservation and Education Center TCEC Serangan, Bali laboratory. The results were then analyzed with manual calculations and assistance from an online statistical calculator. The value of the k parameter is 0, interprets that there is a significant difference between the Mini-FLOTAC Technique and the Flotation Technique. This interpretation is supported by the results of the sensitivity values of the Mini-FLOTAC Technique reaching 100% and the Touch Flotation Technique 0% which indicates a significant difference between the results of examination of worm eggs based on their taxonomy on the Mini-FLOTAC Technique and the Flotation Technique. The Mini-FLOTAC technique showed superior effectiveness compared to the Flotation Technique for detecting worm eggs in this study. Clearer vision of eggs is sometimes seen in the results of the Flotation Technique. Making a filter for Fill-Flotac at 250µm for green turtle (Chelonia mydas) examination in order to produce clearer results.
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References
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Aguirre AA, Lutz P. 2004. Marine turtles as sentinels of ecosystem health: Is fibropapillomatosis an indicator? Eco Health. 1(3): 275-283.
Alvarado-Villalobos MA, Cringoli G, Maurelli MP, Cambou A, Rinaldi L, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Guevara R, Chapman CA, Serio-Silva JC. 2017. Flotation techniques (FLOTAC and mini-FLOTAC) for detecting gastrointestinal parasites in howler monkeys. Parasit Vectors. 10(1): 586.
Apsari IAP, Kencana GAAY, Mahardika GNK, Astawa NM, Kendran AAS, Suartha IN, Widyastuti S, Suardana IBK, Dewi IGAMK, Sudiarta IP. 2022. Ragam, prevalensi dan intensitas infeksi parasit pada sapi kelompok Tani Niti Sari Desa Baturiti Kabupaten Tabanan, Provinsi Bali. Bul. Vet. Udayana. 14(1): 11.
Ayres RM, Stott R, Lee DL, Mara DD, Silva SA. 1991. Comparison of techniques for the enumeration of human parasitic helminth eggs in treated wastewater. Environ. Technol. 12(7): 617–623.
Ayres RM, Stott R, Mara DD, Lee DL. 1992. Wastewater reuse in agriculture and the risk of intestinal nematode infection. Parasitol. Today. 8(1): 32–35.
Bellantari, M, Wandia, IN, Dwinata, IM. 2021. Prevalence and identification of gastrointestinal wormon longtailed macaquein Pulaki Temple, Banyupoh, Gerokgak, Buleleng, Bali. Indon. Med. Vet. 10(1): 51–60.
Binoti E, Gomes MC, De Calais Junior A, Werneck MR, Martins IVF, Boeloni JN. 2016. Helminth fauna of Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) in the south of Espírito Santo State in Brasil. Helminthologia. 53(2): 195–199.
Burke JB, Rodgers LJ. 1982. Gastric ulceration associated with larval nematodes (Anisakis sp. type 1) in pen reared green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Torres strait. J. Wildlife Dis. 18(1): 41–46.
Fisher FMJ. 1960. On acanthocephala of turtles, with the description of Neoechinorhynchus emyditoides n. sp. J. Parasitol. 46(2):257–266.
Flint M, Eden PA, Limpus CJ, Owen H, Gaus C, Mills PC. 2015. Clinical and pathological findings in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Gladstone, Queensland: Investigations of a stranding epidemic. Eco Hhealth. 12(2): 298–309
Flint M, Patterson-Kane JC, Limpus CJ, Mills PC. 2006. An epidemiological analysis of causes of disease and mortality. Eco Health. 7(1): 135–145.
Freitas JFT, Lent H. 1946. Porrocaecum sulcatum" (Rudolphi, 1819) (Nematoda, Ascaroidea). Rev. Bras. Biol. 6: 235–238.
Gaspard P, Schwartzbrod J. 1993a. Determination of the parasitic contamination of irrigated vegetables. Water Sci. Technol. 27(7–8): 295–302.
Gaspard P, Schwartzbrod J. 1993b. Irrigation with wastewater: parasitological analysis of soil. Zbl. Hyg. 193: 513–520.
Greiner EC. 2013. 16 Parasites of marine turtles. In: Wyneken J, Lohmann KJ, Musick JA, editors. The biology of sea turtles, volume III. CRC Press. Pp. 428–443.
Glazebrook JS, Campbell RS, Blair D. 1981. Pathological changes associated with cardiovascular trematodes (Digenea: Spirorchidae) in a green sea turtle Chelonia mydas (L). J. Comp. Pathol. 91(3): 361–368.
Glazerbook JS, Campbell RSF. 1990. A survey of the diseases of marine turtles in northern Australia. Dis. Aquat. Org. (1): 83–95.
Harvell CD, Kim K, Burkholder JM, Colwell RR, Epstein PR, Grimes DJ, Hofmann EE, Lipp EK, Osterhaus ADME, Overstreet RM, et al. 1999. Emerging marine diseases - climate links and anthropogenic factors. Science. 285: 1505–1510.
Hussein AH, Rashed SM, El-Hayawan, IA, Aly NSM, Abou Ouf, EA, Ali AT. 2017. Intestinal parasite infections and accuracy of direct thin and thick smear, formol-ether sedimentation, centrifugal flotation, and miniFLOTAC techniques among patients with gastrointestinal tract disorders from the Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96(3): 589–594.
Jacobson ER, Homer BL, Stacy BA, Greiner EC, Szabo NJ, Chrisman CL, Origgi F, Coberley S, Foley AM, Landsberg JH, et al. 2006. Neurological disease in wild loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 70(1–2): 139–154.
Janawi. 2009. Perkembangan Suhu Sarang Penetasan Buatan pada Penetasan Telur Penyu hijau (Chelonia mydas L.) di Pantai Pangumbahan Kabupatan Sukabumi. [Skripsi]. Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Suryakencana. Cianjur.
Landis JR, Koch GG. 1977. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 33(1):159–174.
Lauckner G. 1985. Diseases of marine animals: introduction, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia. Helgoland: Biologische Anstalt Helgoland. 16(2) :553–626.
Limantara MAY. 2019. Prevalensi dan jenis cacing pada penyu yang direhabilitasi di turtle conservation and education center (TCEC). [Skripsi]. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana. Jimbaran.
Marcer F, Cassini R, Parisotto N, Tessarin C, Marchiori E. 2022. A comparative study of Mini-FLOTAC with traditional coprological techniques in the analysis of cetacean fecal samples. Front. Vet. Sci. 9: 908486.
Mas-Coma S, Buchon P, Funatsu IR, Angles R, Mas-Bargues C, Artigas P, Valero MA, Bargues MD. 2020. Donkey fascioliasis within a one health control action: Transmission capacity, field epidemiology, and reservoir role in a human hyperendemic area. Front. Vet. Sci. 7: 5.
Murray D, Dailey GHB. 1987. Digenetic Trematodes as Possible Etiologic Agent for Fibropapillomas in Hawaiian Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas). Digenetic Trematodes. 1987: 1.
Permadi A, Adnyana IBW, Suartini IGAA. 2023. Coprological study of trematode infection in rehabilitated green turtles at the turtle conservation and education center Bali. Bul. Vet. Udayana. 15(5): 971-981.
Rude RA, Peeler JT, Risty NG. 1987. Comparison of diethylether and ethylacetate as extracting agents for recovery of Ascaris. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 70: 1000–1001.
Santoro M, Greiner EC, Morales JA, Rodríguez-Ortíz B. 2006. Digenetic trematode community in nesting green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica. J. Parasitol. 92(6): 1202–1206.
Santoro M, Di Nocera F, Iaccarino D, Lawton SP, Cerrone A, Uberti BD, D’Amore M, Hochscheid S, Maffucci F, Galiero G. 2017. Pathology and molecular analysis of Hapalotrema mistroides (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) infecting a Mediterranean loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta. Dis. Aquat. Org. 124: 101-108.
Santoro M, Marchiori E, Iaccarino D, Uberti BD, Cassini R, Di Nocera F, Cerrone A, Galiero G, Marcer F. 2019. Epidemiology of Sulcascaris sulcata (Nematoda: Anisakidae) ulcerous gastritis in the Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). Parasitol. Res. 118(5): 1457–1463.
Santoro M, Marchiori E, Cassini R, Drigo M, Iaccarino D, Di Nocera F, Degli Uberti B, De Luca G, D’Amore M, Centelleghe C. 2020. Epidemiology of blood flukes (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) in sea turtles from Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas, off Italy. Parasit Vectors. 13(1): 52.
Seminoff JA. 2002. Marine Turtle Specialist Global Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) assessment for the IUCN Red List Programme. Laporan untuk Species Survival Commission.
Setiawan DK, Dwinata M, Oka IBM. 2014. Identifikasi jenis cacing nematoda pada saluran gastrointestinal kuda penarik cidomo di Kecamatan Selong, Lombok Timur. Indon. Med. Vet. 3(5): 351–358.
Teichmann A. 1986. Towards the methodology of quanti- tative determination of the occurrence of helminth in municipal wastewater. Appl. Parasitol. 27: 145–150.
Valero MA, Perez-Crespo I, Periago MV, Khoubbane M, Mas-Coma S. 2009. Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Acta Trop. 111(2):150–159.
Ward JR, Lafferty KD. 2004. The elusive baseline of marine disease: are diseases in ocean ecosystems increasing? PLoS Biol. 2(4): E120.
Work TM, Balazs GH, Schumacher JL, Amarisa M. 2005. Epizootiology of spirorchiid infection in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Hawaii. J. Parasitol. 91(4): 871–876.
Xavier RA. 2011. Análise da fauna parasitológica gastrointestinal de Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) no litoral norte e médio do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Monografia (Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biológicas). Imbé.
Zahriati F. 2017. Infeksi cacing tambang. [Skripsi]. Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang. Semarang.
Aguirre AA, Lutz P. 2004. Marine turtles as sentinels of ecosystem health: Is fibropapillomatosis an indicator? Eco Health. 1(3): 275-283.
Alvarado-Villalobos MA, Cringoli G, Maurelli MP, Cambou A, Rinaldi L, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Guevara R, Chapman CA, Serio-Silva JC. 2017. Flotation techniques (FLOTAC and mini-FLOTAC) for detecting gastrointestinal parasites in howler monkeys. Parasit Vectors. 10(1): 586.
Apsari IAP, Kencana GAAY, Mahardika GNK, Astawa NM, Kendran AAS, Suartha IN, Widyastuti S, Suardana IBK, Dewi IGAMK, Sudiarta IP. 2022. Ragam, prevalensi dan intensitas infeksi parasit pada sapi kelompok Tani Niti Sari Desa Baturiti Kabupaten Tabanan, Provinsi Bali. Bul. Vet. Udayana. 14(1): 11.
Ayres RM, Stott R, Lee DL, Mara DD, Silva SA. 1991. Comparison of techniques for the enumeration of human parasitic helminth eggs in treated wastewater. Environ. Technol. 12(7): 617–623.
Ayres RM, Stott R, Mara DD, Lee DL. 1992. Wastewater reuse in agriculture and the risk of intestinal nematode infection. Parasitol. Today. 8(1): 32–35.
Bellantari, M, Wandia, IN, Dwinata, IM. 2021. Prevalence and identification of gastrointestinal wormon longtailed macaquein Pulaki Temple, Banyupoh, Gerokgak, Buleleng, Bali. Indon. Med. Vet. 10(1): 51–60.
Binoti E, Gomes MC, De Calais Junior A, Werneck MR, Martins IVF, Boeloni JN. 2016. Helminth fauna of Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) in the south of Espírito Santo State in Brasil. Helminthologia. 53(2): 195–199.
Burke JB, Rodgers LJ. 1982. Gastric ulceration associated with larval nematodes (Anisakis sp. type 1) in pen reared green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Torres strait. J. Wildlife Dis. 18(1): 41–46.
Fisher FMJ. 1960. On acanthocephala of turtles, with the description of Neoechinorhynchus emyditoides n. sp. J. Parasitol. 46(2):257–266.
Flint M, Eden PA, Limpus CJ, Owen H, Gaus C, Mills PC. 2015. Clinical and pathological findings in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Gladstone, Queensland: Investigations of a stranding epidemic. Eco Hhealth. 12(2): 298–309
Flint M, Patterson-Kane JC, Limpus CJ, Mills PC. 2006. An epidemiological analysis of causes of disease and mortality. Eco Health. 7(1): 135–145.
Freitas JFT, Lent H. 1946. Porrocaecum sulcatum" (Rudolphi, 1819) (Nematoda, Ascaroidea). Rev. Bras. Biol. 6: 235–238.
Gaspard P, Schwartzbrod J. 1993a. Determination of the parasitic contamination of irrigated vegetables. Water Sci. Technol. 27(7–8): 295–302.
Gaspard P, Schwartzbrod J. 1993b. Irrigation with wastewater: parasitological analysis of soil. Zbl. Hyg. 193: 513–520.
Greiner EC. 2013. 16 Parasites of marine turtles. In: Wyneken J, Lohmann KJ, Musick JA, editors. The biology of sea turtles, volume III. CRC Press. Pp. 428–443.
Glazebrook JS, Campbell RS, Blair D. 1981. Pathological changes associated with cardiovascular trematodes (Digenea: Spirorchidae) in a green sea turtle Chelonia mydas (L). J. Comp. Pathol. 91(3): 361–368.
Glazerbook JS, Campbell RSF. 1990. A survey of the diseases of marine turtles in northern Australia. Dis. Aquat. Org. (1): 83–95.
Harvell CD, Kim K, Burkholder JM, Colwell RR, Epstein PR, Grimes DJ, Hofmann EE, Lipp EK, Osterhaus ADME, Overstreet RM, et al. 1999. Emerging marine diseases - climate links and anthropogenic factors. Science. 285: 1505–1510.
Hussein AH, Rashed SM, El-Hayawan, IA, Aly NSM, Abou Ouf, EA, Ali AT. 2017. Intestinal parasite infections and accuracy of direct thin and thick smear, formol-ether sedimentation, centrifugal flotation, and miniFLOTAC techniques among patients with gastrointestinal tract disorders from the Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96(3): 589–594.
Jacobson ER, Homer BL, Stacy BA, Greiner EC, Szabo NJ, Chrisman CL, Origgi F, Coberley S, Foley AM, Landsberg JH, et al. 2006. Neurological disease in wild loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 70(1–2): 139–154.
Janawi. 2009. Perkembangan Suhu Sarang Penetasan Buatan pada Penetasan Telur Penyu hijau (Chelonia mydas L.) di Pantai Pangumbahan Kabupatan Sukabumi. [Skripsi]. Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Suryakencana. Cianjur.
Landis JR, Koch GG. 1977. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 33(1):159–174.
Lauckner G. 1985. Diseases of marine animals: introduction, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia. Helgoland: Biologische Anstalt Helgoland. 16(2) :553–626.
Limantara MAY. 2019. Prevalensi dan jenis cacing pada penyu yang direhabilitasi di turtle conservation and education center (TCEC). [Skripsi]. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Udayana. Jimbaran.
Marcer F, Cassini R, Parisotto N, Tessarin C, Marchiori E. 2022. A comparative study of Mini-FLOTAC with traditional coprological techniques in the analysis of cetacean fecal samples. Front. Vet. Sci. 9: 908486.
Mas-Coma S, Buchon P, Funatsu IR, Angles R, Mas-Bargues C, Artigas P, Valero MA, Bargues MD. 2020. Donkey fascioliasis within a one health control action: Transmission capacity, field epidemiology, and reservoir role in a human hyperendemic area. Front. Vet. Sci. 7: 5.
Murray D, Dailey GHB. 1987. Digenetic Trematodes as Possible Etiologic Agent for Fibropapillomas in Hawaiian Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas). Digenetic Trematodes. 1987: 1.
Permadi A, Adnyana IBW, Suartini IGAA. 2023. Coprological study of trematode infection in rehabilitated green turtles at the turtle conservation and education center Bali. Bul. Vet. Udayana. 15(5): 971-981.
Rude RA, Peeler JT, Risty NG. 1987. Comparison of diethylether and ethylacetate as extracting agents for recovery of Ascaris. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 70: 1000–1001.
Santoro M, Greiner EC, Morales JA, Rodríguez-Ortíz B. 2006. Digenetic trematode community in nesting green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica. J. Parasitol. 92(6): 1202–1206.
Santoro M, Di Nocera F, Iaccarino D, Lawton SP, Cerrone A, Uberti BD, D’Amore M, Hochscheid S, Maffucci F, Galiero G. 2017. Pathology and molecular analysis of Hapalotrema mistroides (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) infecting a Mediterranean loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta. Dis. Aquat. Org. 124: 101-108.
Santoro M, Marchiori E, Iaccarino D, Uberti BD, Cassini R, Di Nocera F, Cerrone A, Galiero G, Marcer F. 2019. Epidemiology of Sulcascaris sulcata (Nematoda: Anisakidae) ulcerous gastritis in the Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). Parasitol. Res. 118(5): 1457–1463.
Santoro M, Marchiori E, Cassini R, Drigo M, Iaccarino D, Di Nocera F, Degli Uberti B, De Luca G, D’Amore M, Centelleghe C. 2020. Epidemiology of blood flukes (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) in sea turtles from Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas, off Italy. Parasit Vectors. 13(1): 52.
Seminoff JA. 2002. Marine Turtle Specialist Global Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) assessment for the IUCN Red List Programme. Laporan untuk Species Survival Commission.
Setiawan DK, Dwinata M, Oka IBM. 2014. Identifikasi jenis cacing nematoda pada saluran gastrointestinal kuda penarik cidomo di Kecamatan Selong, Lombok Timur. Indon. Med. Vet. 3(5): 351–358.
Teichmann A. 1986. Towards the methodology of quanti- tative determination of the occurrence of helminth in municipal wastewater. Appl. Parasitol. 27: 145–150.
Valero MA, Perez-Crespo I, Periago MV, Khoubbane M, Mas-Coma S. 2009. Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Acta Trop. 111(2):150–159.
Ward JR, Lafferty KD. 2004. The elusive baseline of marine disease: are diseases in ocean ecosystems increasing? PLoS Biol. 2(4): E120.
Work TM, Balazs GH, Schumacher JL, Amarisa M. 2005. Epizootiology of spirorchiid infection in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Hawaii. J. Parasitol. 91(4): 871–876.
Xavier RA. 2011. Análise da fauna parasitológica gastrointestinal de Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) no litoral norte e médio do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Monografia (Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biológicas). Imbé.
Zahriati F. 2017. Infeksi cacing tambang. [Skripsi]. Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang. Semarang.
Published
2023-07-15
How to Cite
FATHONAH, Nurul Audy Baiqhaq; ADNYANA, Ida Bagus Windia; APSARI, Ida Ayu Pasti.
COMPARISON OF MINI-FLOTAC TECHNIQUE AND FLOTATION TECHNIQUE IN COPROSCOPIC TEST OF WORMS IN GREEN TURTLE FECES.
Buletin Veteriner Udayana, [S.l.], p. 1267-1278, july 2023.
ISSN 2477-2712.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/buletinvet/article/view/103934>. Date accessed: 30 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/bulvet.2023.v15.i06.p26.
Section
Articles
