Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of seawater-derived fungi isolated from Amed and Tulamben Beaches
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https://doi.org/10.24843/JBIOUNUD.2025.v29.i01.p04
Abstrak
Marine-derived fungi are one of the important sources of secondary metabolites in drug discovery. These fungi can be isolated from various sources in marine ecosystems, including seawater. This study aims to isolate fungi from seawater samples collected at Amed and Tulamben Beaches, perform the phytochemical screening of obtained methanol extracts, as well as evaluate their antimicrobial by disk diffusion method and antioxidant potency using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Three marine fungal isolates were isolated in this study and identified as Aspergillus sp. RM-NS-AL-AM(2), Cladosporium sp. AL-TU, and Penicillium citrinum RM-NS-AL-TU through molecular biology. The obtained fungal isolates were then cultivated on rice media with or without the addition of salt. After the fermentation, secondary metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate, followed by liquid-liquid extraction using aqueous methanol and n-hexane. Phytochemical analysis of the resulting methanol extracts showed that alkaloid and polyphenol were detected in all extracts. Antimicrobial assay showed that extract afforded from the rice fermentation of Aspergillus sp. RM-NS-AL-AM(2) with the absence of salt was the most active against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 with an inhibition zone diameter of 5.77 0.12 mm. Meanwhile, the extract from salt-enriched cultures possessed antifungal activity against Candida albicans with zone inhibition of 6.66 0.46 mm, in addition to its antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 21.68 0.92 µg/mL. These results indicate that seawater-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. RM-NS-AL-AM(2) potentially investigated for its bioactive compounds, particularly on its antimicrobial and antioxidant effects.
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Referensi
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Ariantari NP, Putra IPYA, Leliqia NPE, Yustiantara PS, Proborini MW, Nugraheni N, Zulfin UM, Jenie RI, Meiyanto E. 2023. Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Secondary Metabolites from Endophytic Fungi Associated with Antidesma bunius leaves. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 13(7): 132–143. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2023.101347
Ariantari NP, Putra IPYA, Wibowo JT, Putri SAMDA, Nabila CIB, Kristiani NKA, Wirasuta IMAG. 2024. Evaluation of Antibacterial and Toxicity Properties of Marine Endophytic Fungi from Red Algae Gracilaria Salicornia and Chondrus sp. BIO Web of Conferences 92(1): 1–12. DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20249202019
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El-Latif HHA, Hassan SWM, Beltagy EA. 2021. Optimization and Characterization of Antimicrobial Agents Produced by Marine Aspergillus terreus SHE05 against Aeromonas hydrophila and other Applications. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15(4): 2367–2381. DOI: 10.22207/JPAM.15.4.62
Fajrina A, Dinni D, Bakhtra A, Mawarni AE. 2020. Isolasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Etil Asetat Jamur Endofit dari Daun Matoa (Pometia pinnata). Jurnal Farmasi Higea 12(1): 81–89
Gakuubi MM, Munusamy M, Liang ZX, Ng SB. 2021. Fungal Endophytes: A Promising Frontier for Discovery of Novel Bioactive Compounds. Journal of Fungi 7(10): 1–24. DOI: 10.3390/jof7100786
Kannan J, Pang KL, Ho YN, Hsu PH, Chen LL. 2024. A Comparison of the Antioxidant Potential and Metabolite Analysis of Marine Fungi Associated with the Red Algae Pterocladiella capillacea from Northern Taiwan. Antioxidants 13(3). DOI: 10.3390/antiox13030336
Losung FF, Bara dan E D Angkouw RA. 2015. Isolasi Antimikroba dari Jamur yang Bersimbiosis dengan Biota Laut. Jurnal LPPM Bidang Sains dan Teknologi 2(2): 36–41
Luna SL, Ramírez-Garza RE, Serna Saldívar SO. 2020. Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties. Scientific World Journal 2020(1): 1–38. DOI: 10.1155/2020/6792069
Marselia S, Wibowo MA, Arreneuz S. 2015. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Soma (Ploiarium alternifolium Melch) terhadap Propionibacterium acnes. Jurnal Kimia Khatulistiwa 4(4): 72–82
Masuma R, Yamaguchi Y, Noumi M, Omura S, NamikoshP M. 2001. Effect of Sea Water Concentration on Hyphal Growth and Antimicrobial Metabolite Production in Marine Fungi. Mycoscience 42(1): 455–459
Michael CA, Dominey-Howes D, Labbate M. 2014. The Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis: Causes, Consequences, and Management. Frontiers in Public Health 2(1): 1–8. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00145
Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Aguilar GR, Gray A, et al. 2022. Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis. The Lancet 399: 629–655. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
Ngo TDN, Phan THT, Dinh TT, Yurchenko AN, Huynh HNK, Le DH, Vo TDT, Le TH, Pham DT. 2023. Screening of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of marine fungi isolated from the North Sea of Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Marine Science and Technology 23(2): 189–201. DOI: 10.15625/1859-3097/17458
Oktria W, Riga R, Habibul Ikhsan M, Meliati Agustini D, Kimia D, Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam F, Negeri Padang U, Hamka J, Tawar Barat A, Kimia J, Fakultas Sains dan Informatika K, Jendral Achmad Yani U. 2023. Uji Antioksidan Fungi Endofitik BS-1 yang Berasosiasi Pada Bunga Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) dengan Beras Merah Sebagai Media Pertumbuhan. Jurnal Zarah 11(1): 18–24
Pan C, Hassan SS ul, Muhammad I, Jin H. 2024. Marine Fungi as A Goldmine for Novel Antibiotics: A 2024 Perspective. Frontiers in Marine Science 11(1): 1–12. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1538136
Papikinou MA, Pavlidis K, Cholidis P, Kranas D, Adamantidi T, Anastasiadou C, et al. 2024. Marine Fungi Bioactives with Anti-Inflammatory, Antithrombotic and Antioxidant Health-Promoting Properties Against Inflammation-Related Chronic Diseases. Marine drugs 22(11): 1–55. DOI: 10.3390/md22110520
Pharm IJ, Gemantari BM, Romadhonsyah F, Nurrochmad A, Wahyuono S, Astuti P. 2020. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Bioactivity Screening of Endophytic Fungus Eutypa linearis Isolated from Coleus amboinicus (Lour.). 32(1): 86–95
Putra IPYA, Utami KS, Hardini J, Wirasuta IMAG, Ujam NT, Ariantari NP. 2023. Fermentation, Bioactivity and Molecular Identification of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Mangrove Ceriops tagal. Biodiversitas 24(5): 3091–3098. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240565
Qi SH, Xu Y, Xiong HR, Qian PY, Zhang S. 2009. Antifouling and Antibacterial Compounds from A Marine Fungus Cladosporium sp. F14. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 25(3): 399–406. DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9904-2
Qiu P, Xia J, Zhang H, Lin D, Shao Z. 2022. A Review of Diterpenes from Marine-Derived Fungi: 2009–2021. Molecules 27(23): 1–30. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238303
Raja HA, Miller AN, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. 2017. Fungal Identification Using Molecular Tools: A Primer for the Natural Products Research Community. Journal of Natural Products 80(3): 756–770. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01085
Ravindran C, Varatharajan GR, Rajasabapathy R, Vijayakanth S, Kumar AH, Meena RM. 2012. A Role for Antioxidants in Acclimation of Marine Derived Pathogenic Fugus (NIOCC 1) to Salt Stress. Microbial Pathogenesis 53(3): 168–179. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.07.004
Safwan S, Ridwan S, Kusuma WA. 2023. Diversity of Source, Chemistry, and Bioactivities of Secondary Metabolites from Algae-Associated and Sponge-Associated Fungi. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 13(10): 45–58. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2023.133724
Silber J, Kramer A, Labes A, Tasdemir D. 2016. From Discovery to Production: Biotechnology of Marine Fungi for The Production of New Antibiotics. Marine Drugs 14(7): 1–20. DOI: 10.3390/md14070137
Silber J, Ohlendorf B, Labes A, Wenzel-Storjohann A, Näther C, Imhoff JF. 2014. Malettinin E, An Antibacterial and Antifungal Tropolone Produced by A Marine Cladosporium Strain. Frontiers in Marine Science 1(1): 1–6. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2014.00035
Simorangkir M, Hutabarat W, Nainggolan B, Silaban S. 2019. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Non-Polar to Polar Solvent Extracts of Sarang Banua (Clerodenrum fragrans Vent Willd) Leaves. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry 12(2): 959–965. DOI: 10.31788/RJC.2019.1225095
Van Anh C, Kwon JH, Kang JS, Lee HS, Heo CS, Shin HJ. 2022. Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Phenolic Polyketides from Two Marine-Derived Fungal Strains of Aspergillus unguis. Pharmaceuticals 15(1): 1–9. DOI: 10.3390/ph15010074
Wardaniati I, Yanti R. 2018. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Propolis Lebah Trigona (Trigona itama) Menggunakan Metode DPPH. JOPS 2(1): 14–21
Xu L, Meng W, Cao C, Wang J, Shan W, Wang Q. 2015. Antibacterial and Antifungal Compounds from Marine Fungi. Marine Drugs 13(6): 3479–3513. DOI: 10.3390/md13063479
Zhang Y, Xie CL, Wang Y, He XW, Xie MM, Li Y, Zhang K, Zou ZB, Yang LH, Xu R, Yang XW. 2023. Penidihydrocitrinins A–C: New Polyketides from the Deep-Sea-Derived Penicillium citrinum W17 and Their Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Osteoporotic Bioactivities. Marine Drugs 21(10): 1–13. DOI: 10.3390/md21100538
Rini AA, Rahmatan H. 2017. Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Buah Kawista (Limonia acidissima L.) dari Daerah Kabupaten Aceh Besar Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Unsyiah 2(1): 1–12
Andrés CMC, Lastra JMP de la, Juan CA, Plou FJ, Pérez-Lebeña E. 2023. Polyphenols as Antioxidant/Pro-Oxidant Compounds and Donors of Reducing Species: Relationship with Human Antioxidant Metabolism. Processes 11(9): 1–23. DOI: 10.3390/pr11092771
Annathurai K, Konthoujam L. 2020. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences Isolation and Identification of Marine Fungi from East Coastal Region of Chennai. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci 7(12): 126–133. DOI: 10.22192/ijarbs
Ariantari NP, Putra IPYA, Leliqia NPE, Yustiantara PS, Proborini MW, Nugraheni N, Zulfin UM, Jenie RI, Meiyanto E. 2023. Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Secondary Metabolites from Endophytic Fungi Associated with Antidesma bunius leaves. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 13(7): 132–143. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2023.101347
Ariantari NP, Putra IPYA, Wibowo JT, Putri SAMDA, Nabila CIB, Kristiani NKA, Wirasuta IMAG. 2024. Evaluation of Antibacterial and Toxicity Properties of Marine Endophytic Fungi from Red Algae Gracilaria Salicornia and Chondrus sp. BIO Web of Conferences 92(1): 1–12. DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20249202019
Arora DS, Chandra P, Kaur GJ. 2012. Optimization and Assay of Antioxidant Potential of Two Penicillium spp. by Different Procedures. Current Biotechnology 1(1): 2–10
Bakhtra D, Yanwirasti Y, Wahyuni FS, Aminah I, Handayani D. 2022. Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities Screening of Marine Invertebrate-Derived Fungi Extract from West Sumatera, Indonesia. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10(A): 1427–1432. DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10374
Barbosa F, Pinto E, Kijjoa A, Pinto M, Sousa E. 2020. Targeting Antimicrobial Drug Resistance with Marine Natural Products. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 56(1): 1–29. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106005
Blunt JW, Carroll AR, Copp BR, Davis RA, Keyzers RA, Prinsep MR. 2018. Marine Natural Products. Natural Product Reports 35(1): 8–53. DOI: 10.1039/c7np00052a
CLSI. 2023. M100: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
Dey P, Kundu A, Kumar A, Gupta M, Lee BM, Bhakta T, et al. 2020. Analysis of Alkaloids (Indole Alkaloids, Isoquinoline Alkaloids, Tropane Alkaloids). Recent Advances in Natural Products Analysis. Elsevier, 505–567. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-816455-6.00015-9
Durães F, Sousa E. 2019. Omadacycline: A newly Approved Antibacterial from The Class of Tetracyclines. Pharmaceuticals 12(2): 1–9. DOI: 10.3390/ph12020063
Durães F, Szemerédi N, Kumla D, Pinto M, Kijjoa A, Spengler G, Sousa E. 2021. Metabolites from Marine-Derived Fungi as Potential Antimicrobial Adjuvants. Marine Drugs 19(9). DOI: 10.3390/md19090475
El-Latif HHA, Hassan SWM, Beltagy EA. 2021. Optimization and Characterization of Antimicrobial Agents Produced by Marine Aspergillus terreus SHE05 against Aeromonas hydrophila and other Applications. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15(4): 2367–2381. DOI: 10.22207/JPAM.15.4.62
Fajrina A, Dinni D, Bakhtra A, Mawarni AE. 2020. Isolasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Etil Asetat Jamur Endofit dari Daun Matoa (Pometia pinnata). Jurnal Farmasi Higea 12(1): 81–89
Gakuubi MM, Munusamy M, Liang ZX, Ng SB. 2021. Fungal Endophytes: A Promising Frontier for Discovery of Novel Bioactive Compounds. Journal of Fungi 7(10): 1–24. DOI: 10.3390/jof7100786
Kannan J, Pang KL, Ho YN, Hsu PH, Chen LL. 2024. A Comparison of the Antioxidant Potential and Metabolite Analysis of Marine Fungi Associated with the Red Algae Pterocladiella capillacea from Northern Taiwan. Antioxidants 13(3). DOI: 10.3390/antiox13030336
Losung FF, Bara dan E D Angkouw RA. 2015. Isolasi Antimikroba dari Jamur yang Bersimbiosis dengan Biota Laut. Jurnal LPPM Bidang Sains dan Teknologi 2(2): 36–41
Luna SL, Ramírez-Garza RE, Serna Saldívar SO. 2020. Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties. Scientific World Journal 2020(1): 1–38. DOI: 10.1155/2020/6792069
Marselia S, Wibowo MA, Arreneuz S. 2015. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Soma (Ploiarium alternifolium Melch) terhadap Propionibacterium acnes. Jurnal Kimia Khatulistiwa 4(4): 72–82
Masuma R, Yamaguchi Y, Noumi M, Omura S, NamikoshP M. 2001. Effect of Sea Water Concentration on Hyphal Growth and Antimicrobial Metabolite Production in Marine Fungi. Mycoscience 42(1): 455–459
Michael CA, Dominey-Howes D, Labbate M. 2014. The Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis: Causes, Consequences, and Management. Frontiers in Public Health 2(1): 1–8. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00145
Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Aguilar GR, Gray A, et al. 2022. Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis. The Lancet 399: 629–655. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
Ngo TDN, Phan THT, Dinh TT, Yurchenko AN, Huynh HNK, Le DH, Vo TDT, Le TH, Pham DT. 2023. Screening of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of marine fungi isolated from the North Sea of Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Marine Science and Technology 23(2): 189–201. DOI: 10.15625/1859-3097/17458
Oktria W, Riga R, Habibul Ikhsan M, Meliati Agustini D, Kimia D, Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam F, Negeri Padang U, Hamka J, Tawar Barat A, Kimia J, Fakultas Sains dan Informatika K, Jendral Achmad Yani U. 2023. Uji Antioksidan Fungi Endofitik BS-1 yang Berasosiasi Pada Bunga Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) dengan Beras Merah Sebagai Media Pertumbuhan. Jurnal Zarah 11(1): 18–24
Pan C, Hassan SS ul, Muhammad I, Jin H. 2024. Marine Fungi as A Goldmine for Novel Antibiotics: A 2024 Perspective. Frontiers in Marine Science 11(1): 1–12. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1538136
Papikinou MA, Pavlidis K, Cholidis P, Kranas D, Adamantidi T, Anastasiadou C, et al. 2024. Marine Fungi Bioactives with Anti-Inflammatory, Antithrombotic and Antioxidant Health-Promoting Properties Against Inflammation-Related Chronic Diseases. Marine drugs 22(11): 1–55. DOI: 10.3390/md22110520
Pharm IJ, Gemantari BM, Romadhonsyah F, Nurrochmad A, Wahyuono S, Astuti P. 2020. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Bioactivity Screening of Endophytic Fungus Eutypa linearis Isolated from Coleus amboinicus (Lour.). 32(1): 86–95
Putra IPYA, Utami KS, Hardini J, Wirasuta IMAG, Ujam NT, Ariantari NP. 2023. Fermentation, Bioactivity and Molecular Identification of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Mangrove Ceriops tagal. Biodiversitas 24(5): 3091–3098. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240565
Qi SH, Xu Y, Xiong HR, Qian PY, Zhang S. 2009. Antifouling and Antibacterial Compounds from A Marine Fungus Cladosporium sp. F14. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 25(3): 399–406. DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9904-2
Qiu P, Xia J, Zhang H, Lin D, Shao Z. 2022. A Review of Diterpenes from Marine-Derived Fungi: 2009–2021. Molecules 27(23): 1–30. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238303
Raja HA, Miller AN, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. 2017. Fungal Identification Using Molecular Tools: A Primer for the Natural Products Research Community. Journal of Natural Products 80(3): 756–770. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01085
Ravindran C, Varatharajan GR, Rajasabapathy R, Vijayakanth S, Kumar AH, Meena RM. 2012. A Role for Antioxidants in Acclimation of Marine Derived Pathogenic Fugus (NIOCC 1) to Salt Stress. Microbial Pathogenesis 53(3): 168–179. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.07.004
Safwan S, Ridwan S, Kusuma WA. 2023. Diversity of Source, Chemistry, and Bioactivities of Secondary Metabolites from Algae-Associated and Sponge-Associated Fungi. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 13(10): 45–58. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2023.133724
Silber J, Kramer A, Labes A, Tasdemir D. 2016. From Discovery to Production: Biotechnology of Marine Fungi for The Production of New Antibiotics. Marine Drugs 14(7): 1–20. DOI: 10.3390/md14070137
Silber J, Ohlendorf B, Labes A, Wenzel-Storjohann A, Näther C, Imhoff JF. 2014. Malettinin E, An Antibacterial and Antifungal Tropolone Produced by A Marine Cladosporium Strain. Frontiers in Marine Science 1(1): 1–6. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2014.00035
Simorangkir M, Hutabarat W, Nainggolan B, Silaban S. 2019. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Non-Polar to Polar Solvent Extracts of Sarang Banua (Clerodenrum fragrans Vent Willd) Leaves. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry 12(2): 959–965. DOI: 10.31788/RJC.2019.1225095
Van Anh C, Kwon JH, Kang JS, Lee HS, Heo CS, Shin HJ. 2022. Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Phenolic Polyketides from Two Marine-Derived Fungal Strains of Aspergillus unguis. Pharmaceuticals 15(1): 1–9. DOI: 10.3390/ph15010074
Wardaniati I, Yanti R. 2018. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Propolis Lebah Trigona (Trigona itama) Menggunakan Metode DPPH. JOPS 2(1): 14–21
Xu L, Meng W, Cao C, Wang J, Shan W, Wang Q. 2015. Antibacterial and Antifungal Compounds from Marine Fungi. Marine Drugs 13(6): 3479–3513. DOI: 10.3390/md13063479
Zhang Y, Xie CL, Wang Y, He XW, Xie MM, Li Y, Zhang K, Zou ZB, Yang LH, Xu R, Yang XW. 2023. Penidihydrocitrinins A–C: New Polyketides from the Deep-Sea-Derived Penicillium citrinum W17 and Their Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Osteoporotic Bioactivities. Marine Drugs 21(10): 1–13. DOI: 10.3390/md21100538
Diterbitkan
2025-07-11
##submission.howToCite##
DWIJAYANTI, Ni Kadek et al.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of seawater-derived fungi isolated from Amed and Tulamben Beaches.
Jurnal Biologi Udayana, [S.l.], v. 29, n. 1, p. 30-46, july 2025.
ISSN 2599-2856.
Tersedia pada: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/bio/article/view/124984>. Tanggal Akses: 14 dec. 2025
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JBIOUNUD.2025.v29.i01.p04.
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