Behavior comparison between bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops spp.) living in Bali Exotic Marine Park captivity and Lovina Beach, Bali
Abstract
The bottlenose dolphin is a species often used in the entertainment industry worldwide. They are the most commonly encountered type of dolphin in aquariums and water parks, where they are featured in shows. This research aims to determine the behavioural differences of Tursiops spp. living in their natural habitat versus in captivity to improve and enhance the quality of life for these animals in captivity. Data collection for this study involved a direct observation method of dolphins at Bali Exotic Marine Park (BEMP) and Lovina Beach for four weeks at each location, with a descriptive analysis of the findings. The results indicate that bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) living in their natural habitat exhibit behaviours typical of wild dolphins and do not show signs of stress, demonstrating well-being with non-repetitive and varied behaviour patterns according to their natural activities. In contrast, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) in captivity display behaviours similar to those in the wild but also exhibit abnormal behaviours, including signs of stress such as the occurrence of Repetitive Abnormal Behaviour three times (0.3%), as well as other repetitive behaviours like surface displays, side breaching, chuffing, and sexual behaviours. These behaviours may be attributed to a lack of social interaction with other dolphins, disturbances from humans, and limitations in the captive environment.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Acosta NB. 2015. Same-Sex Socio-Sexual Interactions Among a Group of Captive Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Master's Theses. 151
Andrimida A. 2021. Pola sebaran lumba-lumba hidung botol (Tursiops aduncus) di Selat Sempu, Indonesia berdasarkan hasil pengamatan oportunistik. Journal of Empowerment Community and Education 1(4): 243-253.
Baumgartner K, Hüttner T, Clegg ILK, Hartmann MG, Garcia-Párraga D, Manteca X, Mercera B, Monreal-Pawlowsky T, Pilenga C, Ternes K, Tallo-Parra O, Vaicekauskaite R, Fersen L von, Yon L, Delfour F. 2024. Dolphin-WET—Development of a Welfare Evaluation Tool for Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under Human Care. Animals 14(701): 1-32.
Brando S, Kooistra N, Hosey G. 2019. Pre and post session behavior of captive bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus involved in “Swim-with-Dolphin” events. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research 7(4): 195-202.
Braulik G. 2018. Cetacean Identification Cards for Indian Ocean Fisheries. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission.
Clegg ILK, Rödel HG, Boivin X, Delfour F. 2018. Looking forward to interacting with their caretakers: Dolphins’ anticipatory behaviour indicates motivation to participate in specific events. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 202: 85–93.
Clegg ILK. 2020. C-Well Assessment Ethogram for Dolphin Behavior. Retrieved August 7, 2023, from https://www.animalwelfareexpertise.com/the-cetacean-welfare-assessment/
Fazioli K, Hofmann S, Wells RS. 2006. Use of Gulf of Mexico Coastal Waters by Distinct Assemblages of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 32: 212-222.
Fire SE, Miller GA, Wells RS. 2020. Explosive exhalations by common bottlenose dolphins during Karenia brevis red tides. Heliyon, 6(3): 1-9.
Frick EE. 2018. Identifying the Social Contexts Present for Mouthing Behaviours in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Dissertations. 1493.
Galhardo L, Appleby MC, Waran NK, dos Santos ME. 1996. Spontaneous Activities of Captive Performing Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Animal Welfare, 5(4), 373–389.
Gnone G, Benoldi C, Bonsignori B, Fognani P. 2001. Observations of rest bahaviours in captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals, 27(1): 29-33.
Hale PT, Barreto AS, Ross GJB. 2000. Comparative morphology and distribution of the aduncus and truncatus forms of bottlenose dolphin Tursiops in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans. Aquatic Mammals 26(2): 101–110.
Hawkins E, Gartside D. 2008. Social and Behavioural Characteristics of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in northern New South Wales, Australia. Australian Mammalogy 30: 71-82.
Herzing DL. 2015. Synchronous and rhythmic vocalizations and correlated underwater behavior of free-ranging Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Bahamas. Animal Behavior and Cognition 2(1), 14-29.
Kawabata MY. 2023. Examining the Relationship between Synchronous Swimming and Partnered Swimming in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). UC San Diego.
Kuczaj S, Eskelinen H. 2014. Why do Dolphins Play?. Animal Behavior and Cognition. 1(2): 113-127.
Lusseau D. 2006. Why do dolphins jump? Interpreting the behavioral repertoire of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Behavioural Processes, 73(3): 1-9.
Mackey A, Makecha R, Kuczaj S. 2014. The Development of Social Play in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Animal Behavior and Cognition 1: 19-35.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2024. “Wild Dolphins Behavior”. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/118/noaa_118_DS1.pdf
Noren S, Biedenbach G, Edwards E. 2006. Ontogeny of swim performance and mechanics in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). The Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 4724-4731.
Patterson E. 2013. Are Dolphins Really Smart? The Mammal Behind the Myth. Marine Mammal Science 30(3): 1281-1283.
Perelberg A, Veit F, van der Woude S, Donio S, Shashar N. 2010. Studying Dolphin Behavior in a Semi-Natural Marine Enclosure: Couldn't we do it all in the Wild?. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 23: 625-643.
Perrin WF, Wursig B, Thewissen JGM. 2009. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press.
Rohr JJ, Fish F, Gilpatrick J. 2002. Maximum swim speeds of captive and free-ranging delphinids: Critical Analysis of extraordinary performance. Marine Mammal Science 18: 1-19.
Sakai M, Katsumata H, Kohshima S. 2022. Observations of flipper rubbing in mother–calf pairs of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) suggest a body-surface care function. Journal of Ethology 40(3): 257–264.
Sakai M, Hishii T, Takeda S, Kohshima S. 2006. Flipper rubbing behaviors in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). Marine Mammal Science. 22(4): 966 – 978.
Salmah IA, Tiuria R, Setiyono A, Dewi TIT. 2018. Infeksi Anisakid pada lumba-lumba hidung botol indo-pasifik (Tursiops aduncus) di situs konservasi lumba-lumba, Indonesia. ARSHI Veterinary Letters 2(4): 67–68.
Sekiguchi Y, Kohshima S. 2003. Resting behaviors of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Physiology and Behavior 79(4-5): 643-653.
Sulthanah H, Yusup D, Yuni L. 2024. Aktivitas harian lumba-lumba hidung botol Indo-Pasifik (Tursiops aduncus) rehabilitasi di Umah Lumba, Teluk Banyuwedang, Bali. Jurnal Biologi Udayana 28(1), 119-133.
Tardin RH, Pinto MP, Alves MAS, Simão SM. 2014. Behavioural event occurrence differs between behavioral states in Sotalia guianensis (Cetarctiodactyla: Delphinidae) dolphins: a multivariate approach. Zoologia 31(1): 1-7.
Ugaz C, Valdez RA, Romano MC, Galindo F. 2013. Behavior and salivary cortisol of captive dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) kept in open and closed facilities. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 8(4): 285-29
Wang JY, Chou LS, White BN. 2000. Differences in the external morphology of two sympatric species of bottlenose dolphins (genus Tursiops) in the waters of China. Journal of Mammalogy 81(4): 1157-1165.
Westerlaken R, Hendrawan IG, Kusuma YLPE. 2022. The case of Lovina, Bali: how dolphin-watching procedures put village hospitality revenue at risk. Research in Hospitality Management 12(1), 45–51.
Yazdi P, Kilian A, Culik B. 1999. Energy expenditure of swimming bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Marine Biology 134: 601-607.
Andrimida A. 2021. Pola sebaran lumba-lumba hidung botol (Tursiops aduncus) di Selat Sempu, Indonesia berdasarkan hasil pengamatan oportunistik. Journal of Empowerment Community and Education 1(4): 243-253.
Baumgartner K, Hüttner T, Clegg ILK, Hartmann MG, Garcia-Párraga D, Manteca X, Mercera B, Monreal-Pawlowsky T, Pilenga C, Ternes K, Tallo-Parra O, Vaicekauskaite R, Fersen L von, Yon L, Delfour F. 2024. Dolphin-WET—Development of a Welfare Evaluation Tool for Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under Human Care. Animals 14(701): 1-32.
Brando S, Kooistra N, Hosey G. 2019. Pre and post session behavior of captive bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus involved in “Swim-with-Dolphin” events. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research 7(4): 195-202.
Braulik G. 2018. Cetacean Identification Cards for Indian Ocean Fisheries. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission.
Clegg ILK, Rödel HG, Boivin X, Delfour F. 2018. Looking forward to interacting with their caretakers: Dolphins’ anticipatory behaviour indicates motivation to participate in specific events. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 202: 85–93.
Clegg ILK. 2020. C-Well Assessment Ethogram for Dolphin Behavior. Retrieved August 7, 2023, from https://www.animalwelfareexpertise.com/the-cetacean-welfare-assessment/
Fazioli K, Hofmann S, Wells RS. 2006. Use of Gulf of Mexico Coastal Waters by Distinct Assemblages of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals 32: 212-222.
Fire SE, Miller GA, Wells RS. 2020. Explosive exhalations by common bottlenose dolphins during Karenia brevis red tides. Heliyon, 6(3): 1-9.
Frick EE. 2018. Identifying the Social Contexts Present for Mouthing Behaviours in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Dissertations. 1493.
Galhardo L, Appleby MC, Waran NK, dos Santos ME. 1996. Spontaneous Activities of Captive Performing Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Animal Welfare, 5(4), 373–389.
Gnone G, Benoldi C, Bonsignori B, Fognani P. 2001. Observations of rest bahaviours in captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aquatic Mammals, 27(1): 29-33.
Hale PT, Barreto AS, Ross GJB. 2000. Comparative morphology and distribution of the aduncus and truncatus forms of bottlenose dolphin Tursiops in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans. Aquatic Mammals 26(2): 101–110.
Hawkins E, Gartside D. 2008. Social and Behavioural Characteristics of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in northern New South Wales, Australia. Australian Mammalogy 30: 71-82.
Herzing DL. 2015. Synchronous and rhythmic vocalizations and correlated underwater behavior of free-ranging Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Bahamas. Animal Behavior and Cognition 2(1), 14-29.
Kawabata MY. 2023. Examining the Relationship between Synchronous Swimming and Partnered Swimming in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). UC San Diego.
Kuczaj S, Eskelinen H. 2014. Why do Dolphins Play?. Animal Behavior and Cognition. 1(2): 113-127.
Lusseau D. 2006. Why do dolphins jump? Interpreting the behavioral repertoire of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Behavioural Processes, 73(3): 1-9.
Mackey A, Makecha R, Kuczaj S. 2014. The Development of Social Play in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Animal Behavior and Cognition 1: 19-35.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2024. “Wild Dolphins Behavior”. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/118/noaa_118_DS1.pdf
Noren S, Biedenbach G, Edwards E. 2006. Ontogeny of swim performance and mechanics in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). The Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 4724-4731.
Patterson E. 2013. Are Dolphins Really Smart? The Mammal Behind the Myth. Marine Mammal Science 30(3): 1281-1283.
Perelberg A, Veit F, van der Woude S, Donio S, Shashar N. 2010. Studying Dolphin Behavior in a Semi-Natural Marine Enclosure: Couldn't we do it all in the Wild?. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 23: 625-643.
Perrin WF, Wursig B, Thewissen JGM. 2009. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press.
Rohr JJ, Fish F, Gilpatrick J. 2002. Maximum swim speeds of captive and free-ranging delphinids: Critical Analysis of extraordinary performance. Marine Mammal Science 18: 1-19.
Sakai M, Katsumata H, Kohshima S. 2022. Observations of flipper rubbing in mother–calf pairs of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) suggest a body-surface care function. Journal of Ethology 40(3): 257–264.
Sakai M, Hishii T, Takeda S, Kohshima S. 2006. Flipper rubbing behaviors in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). Marine Mammal Science. 22(4): 966 – 978.
Salmah IA, Tiuria R, Setiyono A, Dewi TIT. 2018. Infeksi Anisakid pada lumba-lumba hidung botol indo-pasifik (Tursiops aduncus) di situs konservasi lumba-lumba, Indonesia. ARSHI Veterinary Letters 2(4): 67–68.
Sekiguchi Y, Kohshima S. 2003. Resting behaviors of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Physiology and Behavior 79(4-5): 643-653.
Sulthanah H, Yusup D, Yuni L. 2024. Aktivitas harian lumba-lumba hidung botol Indo-Pasifik (Tursiops aduncus) rehabilitasi di Umah Lumba, Teluk Banyuwedang, Bali. Jurnal Biologi Udayana 28(1), 119-133.
Tardin RH, Pinto MP, Alves MAS, Simão SM. 2014. Behavioural event occurrence differs between behavioral states in Sotalia guianensis (Cetarctiodactyla: Delphinidae) dolphins: a multivariate approach. Zoologia 31(1): 1-7.
Ugaz C, Valdez RA, Romano MC, Galindo F. 2013. Behavior and salivary cortisol of captive dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) kept in open and closed facilities. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 8(4): 285-29
Wang JY, Chou LS, White BN. 2000. Differences in the external morphology of two sympatric species of bottlenose dolphins (genus Tursiops) in the waters of China. Journal of Mammalogy 81(4): 1157-1165.
Westerlaken R, Hendrawan IG, Kusuma YLPE. 2022. The case of Lovina, Bali: how dolphin-watching procedures put village hospitality revenue at risk. Research in Hospitality Management 12(1), 45–51.
Yazdi P, Kilian A, Culik B. 1999. Energy expenditure of swimming bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Marine Biology 134: 601-607.
Published
2025-01-05
How to Cite
WIJAYA, David Keane; NUARSA, I Wayan; INDRAWAN, Gede Surya.
Behavior comparison between bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops spp.) living in Bali Exotic Marine Park captivity and Lovina Beach, Bali.
Jurnal Biologi Udayana, [S.l.], v. 28, n. 2, p. 314-327, jan. 2025.
ISSN 2599-2856.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/bio/article/view/118544>. Date accessed: 08 jan. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JBIOUNUD.2024.v28.i02.p12.
Section
Articles
