ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE COMBINATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF KEPOK BANANA PEEL (Musa paradisiaca L.) AND BETEL LEAVES (Piper betle L.) AGAINST Streptococcus mutans CAUSING DENTAL CARIES
Abstract
Karies gigi adalah masalah kesehatan mulut yang umum disebabkan oleh Streptococcus mutans. Agen antibakteri alami semakin dieksplorasi sebagai alternatif bahan kimia sintetis. Salah satu kombinasi bahan herbal yang diyakini memiliki potensi untuk terapi karies gigi adalah kombinasi antara kulit pisang kepok (Musa paradisiaca L.) dan daun sirih (Piper betle L.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol kulit pisang kepok dan daun sirih, baik secara tunggal maupun kombinasi terhadap S. mutans (ATCC 35668) menggunakan metode mikrodilusi. Metode mikrodilusi digunakan untuk menentukan KHM dan KBM dari ekstrak dan metode mikrodilusi checkerboard digunakan untuk menentukan Indeks FKI dari kombinasi kedua ekstrak tersebut. Skrining fitokimia menunjukkan adanya flavonoid, alkaloid, triterpenoid, steroid, tanin, dan polifenol pada kedua ekstrak. Hanya ekstrak daun sirih yang menunjukan adanya senyawa saponin. Nilai KHM untuk ekstrak kulit pisang kepok dan daun sirih adalah 16 dan 4 mg/mL. Nilai KBM yang diperoleh untuk ekstrak kulit pisang kepok sebesar >32 mg/mL dan untuk ekstrak daun sirih sebesar 4 mg/mL. Kombinasi ekstrak menunjukkan efek aditif (Indeks FKI = 0,515). Hal ini menunjukan bahwa aktivitas antibakteri kombinasi kedua ekstrak terhadap S. mutans meningkat dibandingkan saat pengujian ekstrak secara tunggal. Kombinasi ekstrak etanol kulit pisang kepok dan daun sirih memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai bahan baku produk perawatan gigi untuk mencegah karies gigi berdasarkan efeknya terhadap S. mutans.
Kata kunci: Antibakteri, Mikrodilusi, Kulit pisang kepok, Daun sirih, Streptococcus mutans
ABSTRACT
Dental caries is a prevalent oral health issue caused by Streptococcus mutans. Natural antibacterial agents are increasingly explored as alternatives to synthetic chemicals. One of the combinations of herbal ingredients believed to have the potential for dental caries therapy is the combination of kepok banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L.) and betel leaves (Piper betle L.). This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of kepok banana peel and betel leaves, individually and in combination, against S. mutans (ATCC 35668) using the microdilution method. The microdilution method was used to determine the MIC and MBC of the extracts, and a microdilution checkerboard was applied to determine the FICI of the combination of the two extracts. Based on the results of phytochemical screening, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, tannins, and polyphenols were detected in both extracts, but only the betel leaves extract showed the presence of saponin compounds. Banana peel extract exhibits antibacterial activity with an MIC value of 16 mg/mL and an MBC value of greater than 32 mg/mL against S. mutans. Meanwhile, betel leaf extract had higher antibacterial activity than kepok banana peel against S. mutans, with MIC and MBC values of 4 mg/mL. The combined effect of the two extracts increased the antibacterial activity, resulting in an additive effect (FICI = 0.515) compared to the antibacterial activity individually. The combination of ethanol extracts from kepok banana peel and betel leaves has the potential to be developed as a natural-based material for dental care products to prevent dental caries, based on its effects on S. mutans.
Keywords: Antibacterial, Microdilution, Kepok banana peel, Betel leaves, Streptococcus mutans
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