A Corpus-based Study of Tourism Destinations and Attractions in Indonesia
Abstract
While tourism has been widely studied across various disciplines, there is still limited research on the connection between tourism and corpus linguistics. The purpose of this study is to examine the types of tourism destinations and attractions in Indonesia by analyzing linguistic patterns in a large-scale corpus. The data source is the Leipzig Corpora Collection, comprising Indonesian language texts published between 2008 - 2018 (excluding 2014). Using the Master Plan of Indonesian Tourism Development 2010 - 2025 as a classification framework, this study identifies and categorizes tourism destinations and attractions based on occurrences of the word “wisata” ‘tourism’. The classification includes three categories: nature, culture, and man-made attractions. It is further divided into 10 classifications and 39 sub-classifications. The findings reveal that nature-based tourism is the most frequently mentioned category, comprising 499 instances (52%), followed by man-made attractions (38%), and cultural tourism destinations and attractions (10%). The most common reference made when talking about nature tourism is land-based tourism destinations and attractions, followed by marine waters, island, and geoparks. Through this research, we gain an understanding of how tourism destinations and attractions in Indonesia are represented linguistically and demonstrate the utility of corpus linguistics as a tool in tourism studies.
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References
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Wang, G., Wang, H., & Wang, L. (2022). Research trends in tourism and hospitality from 1991 to 2020: an integrated approach of corpus linguistics and bibliometrics. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-09-2021-0260
Auger, D. (2020). Leisure in everyday life. Society and Leisure, 43(2), 127–128.
Badia, M., Orgaz, M. B., Verdugo, M. A., Ulan, A. M., & Martinez, M. (2013). Relationships between Leisure Participation and Quality of Life of People with Developmental Disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26, 533–545.
Baker, P. (2009). The BE06 Corpus of British English and recent language change. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14(3), 312–337. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.14.3.02bak
Baker, P., & McEnery, T. (2005). A corpus-based approach to discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in UN and newspaper texts. Journal of Language and Politics, 4(2), 197–226.
Barros, C. L., & Sousa, B. B. (2023). Relationship Management in SPA Tourism: An Approach to Cross-Border Regions. In M. A. Khan, N. Kumar, B. B. Sousa, & S. Sharma (Eds.), Tourist Behavior: Past, Present, and Future. Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Biemann, C., Heyer, G., Quasthoff, U., & Richter, M. (2007). Monolingual corpora of standard size. Corpus Linguistics 2007, 1–13.
Brajsa-Zganec, A., Merkas, M., & Sverko, I. (2011). Quality of Life and Leisure Activities: How Do Leisure Activities Contribute to Subjective Well-Being? Social Indicators Research, 102(1), 81–91.
Buckart, A. J., & Medlik, S. (1974). Tourism, Past, Present and Future. Heinemann.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Cribb, R., & Ford, M. (2009). Indonesia as an Archipelago: Managing Islands, Managing the Seas. In Indonesia beyond the Water’s Edge: Managing an Archipelagic State (pp. 1-27). ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. (pp. 1–27). ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.
Darsana, I. M., & Sudjana, I. M. (2022). A Literature Study of Indonesian Tourism Human Resources Development in the Era of Society 5.0. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 14(3), 2691–2700. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v14i1.2014
Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., & Spurr, R. (2004). Evaluating tourism’s economic effects: new and old approaches. Tourism Management, 25, 307–317.
Enright, M. J., & Newton, J. (2004). Tourism destination competitiveness: a quantitative approach. Tourism Management, 25, 777–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.06.008
Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., David, G., & Wanhill, S. (2018). Tourism: Principles and Practice (sixth). Pearson.
Gandin, S. (2013). Translating the Language of Tourism. A Corpus Based Study on the Translational Tourism English Corpus (T-TourEC). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 95, 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.654
Gandin, S. (2014). Investigating loan words and expressions in tourism Discourse: a corpus driven analysis on the BBC-travel corpus. European Scientific Journal, 10(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2014.v10n2p%25p
Goeldner, C. R., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2003). Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. Wiley-Blackwell.
Goldhahn, D., Eckart, T., & Quasthoff, U. (2012). Building Large Monolingual Dictionaries at the Leipzig Corpora Collection: From 100 to 200 Languages. 8th International Language Resources and Evaluation, 759–765.
Hall, C. M., & Page, S. J. (2002). The Geography of Tourism and Recreation (Second). Routledge.
Henderson, J. (2009). Transport and tourism destination development: An Indonesian perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(3), 199–208.
Jones, C., & Waller, D. (2015). Corpus Linguistics for Grammar. Routledge.
Kwary, D. A. (2019). A corpus platform of Indonesian academic language. SoftwareX, 9, 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2019.01.011
Leipzig Corpora Collection: Indonesian mixed corpus based on material from 2013. (n.d.). https://corpora.uni-leipzig.de?corpusId=ind_mixed_2013.
Lesmana, H., & Sugiarto. (2021). Formulating A Competitive Advantage Model for Tourism Destinations in Indonesia. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(3), 237–250. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no3.0237
Mathieson, A., & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. Longman Cheshire.
McEnery, T., & Hardie, A. (2012). Corpus Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
McKercher, B. (2002). Towards a Classification of Cultural Tourists. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4, 29–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.346
Mwinuka, N. N., Phabiano, E., & Sumarwan, A. (2024). How Does the Official Indonesian Tourism Website Apply the Dimensions of The Experiential Marketing? E-Journal of Tourism, 109. https://doi.org/10.24922/eot.v11i1.112542
Nugroho, A., & Sihite, J. (2018). Exploring the Indonesian Tourism Destination via Indonesia.Travel @indtravel. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research (AEBMR), 52, 29–32.
Oppermann, M. (2000). Tourism Destination Loyalty. Journal of Travel Research, 39, 78–84.
Pamungkas, K., Sujatna, E. T. S., Heriyanto, Haron, R., & Rosana, M. F. (2021). Brand Association of Ciletuh - Palabuhanratu Geopark Towards COVID-19 Pandemic and Sustainable Tourism. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 16(8), 1563–1574. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160817
Pike, S. (2005). Tourism destination branding complexity. In Journal of Product & Brand Management (Vol. 14, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420510609267
Pusparini, I. G. (2020). Tourist Arrival to ASEAN Countries 2019 Reaches 133 million. Seasia. https://new.seasia.co/2020/02/11/revealed-tourist-arrival-to-asean-countries-2019
Saraniemi, S., & Kylänen, M. (2011). Problematizing the Concept of Tourism Destination: An Analysis of Different Theoretical Approaches. Journal of Travel Research, 50(2), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510362775
Sari, D. P. (2022). Slow Tourism Possibilities in Cimande Tourism Village – West Java. E-Journal of Tourism, 31. https://doi.org/10.24922/eot.v9i1.82895
Shaw, G., & Williams, A. M. (2004). Tourism and Tourism Spaces. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Sujatna, E. T. S., Heriyanto, Krisnawati, E., Amalia, R. M., & Pamungkas, K. (2020). Portraying the Word ‘Tourism’ in English: A Corpus Linguistic Study. Sosiohumaniora, 22(2), 181–189.
Sujatna, E. T. S., Pamungkas, K., & Heriyanto. (2019). Names as branding on nature tourism destinations in Pangandaran, Jawa Barat - Indonesia: A linguistic perspective. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 27(2).
Sujatna, E. T. S., Pamungkas, K., & Heriyanto. (2021). Tourism sites naming in Ciletuh geopark: Toponymic and morphological studies. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 42, 147–152. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2021.42.1.23
Sujatna, M. L., Sujatna, E. T. S., & Pamungkas, K. (2019). Exploring the Use of Modal Auxiliary Verbs in Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). Sosiohumaniora, 21(2), 166–172.
Todd, G. (2001). WovId tvavel and tourism today. In A. Lockwood & S. Medlik (Eds.), Tourism and Hospitality in the 21St Century. Elsevier.
Wall, G., & Nuryanti, W. (1997). Marketing Challenges and Opportunities Facing Indonesian Tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 6(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v06n01_06
Wang, G., Wang, H., & Wang, L. (2022). Research trends in tourism and hospitality from 1991 to 2020: an integrated approach of corpus linguistics and bibliometrics. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-09-2021-0260
Published
2025-03-30
How to Cite
SUJATNA, Eva Tuckyta Sari; PAMUNGKAS, Kasno; SUJATNA, Meita Lukitawati.
A Corpus-based Study of Tourism Destinations and Attractions in Indonesia.
E-Journal of Tourism, [S.l.], p. 100-115, mar. 2025.
ISSN 2407-392X.
Available at: <http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot/article/view/126018>. Date accessed: 09 sep. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24922/eot.v12i1.126018.
Section
Articles
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