English
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https://doi.org/10.24843/SOCA.2025.v19.i02.p01
Abstrak
Sugarcane farmers face the persistent issue of information asymmetry, an imbalance of knowledge between farmers and sugar mills that disrupts transparency and undermines trust within the supply chain. In addition, a high dependency on intermediaries and limited access to financing further exacerbates the economic disparity experienced by farmers. Investigating cost structures, information asymmetry, and partnership models within the sugarcane supply chain is therefore essential. This study was conducted in 2024 in Jember Regency, East Java. The methods employed include cost structure analysis, identification of information asymmetry, and estimation of sugar mill production potential. The findings reveal that sugarcane cultivation in Jember is predominantly organized under two partnership schemes: the Revenue-Sharing System (Sistem Bagi Hasil/SBH) and the Sugarcane Purchase System (Sistem Pembelian Tebu/SPT). Information asymmetry remains a major challenge, as farmers heavily rely on sugar mills as their primary source of information (78.4%), thereby diminishing their bargaining power. Despite being financially profitable (with an average income of IDR 24.4 million per hectare), the cost structure is largely concentrated in labor (59.24%) and fertilizers (20.56%). Market transaction costs account for 87.1% of total expenditures, indicating significant inefficiencies within the supply chain. An analysis of sugar mill capacity shows considerable variation in production scale; however, sugarcane supply remains unstable as farmers tend to sell to mills offering higher prices. Strengthening farmer groups, improving market information transparency, implementing integrated planting coordination, and fostering more equitable partnership models are all critical measures to ensure supply chain stability and enhance farmer welfare.
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Referensi
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Adams, T., Gerber, J.-D., Amacker, M., & Haller, T. (2019). Who gains from contract farming? Dependencies, power relations, and institutional change. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 46(7), 1435–1457.
Aguilar-Rivera, N. (2019). A framework for the analysis of socioeconomic and geographic sugarcane agro industry sustainability. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 66, 149–160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2018.07.006
Asrol, M., Marimin, Machfud, Yani, M., & Rohayati. (2024). A multi-criteria model of supply chain sustainability assessment and improvement for sugarcane agroindustry. Heliyon, 10(7), e28259. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28259
Babu, S. C., & Glendenning, C. J. (2019). Chapter 6 - Information needs of farmers: a systemic study based on farmer surveys (S. C. Babu & P. K. B. T.-A. E. R. in S. A. Joshi (eds.); pp. 101–139). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818752-4.00006-0
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Bahati, I., Martiniello, G., & Abebe, G. K. (2022). The implications of sugarcane contract farming on land rights, labor, and food security in the Bunyoro sub-region, Uganda. Land Use Policy, 122, 106326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106326
Bijman, J., Mugwagwa, I., & Trienekens, J. (2020). Typology of contract farming arrangements: a transaction cost perspective. Agrekon, 59(2), 169–187.
Bosma, U. (2013). The sugar plantation in India and Indonesia: industrial production, 1770-2010. Cambridge University Press.
Cardozo, N. P., de Oliveira Bordonal, R., & La Scala, N. (2018). Sustainable intensification of sugarcane production under irrigation systems, considering climate interactions and agricultural efficiency. Journal of Cleaner Production, 204, 861–871. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.004
Chouhan, V. K., Khan, S. H., & Hajiaghaei-Keshteli, M. (2022). Hierarchical tri-level optimization model for effective use of by-products in a sugarcane supply chain network. Applied Soft Computing, 128, 109468. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2022.109468
Dal Belo Leite, J. G., Langa, F. M., von Maltitz, G., Lima Verde Leal, M. R., & Barbosa Cortez, L. A. (2020). Sugarcane outgrower schemes model: Friend or foe? A question for smallholder farmers in Mozambique. World Development Perspectives, 19, 100232. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100232
de Roest, K., Ferrari, P., & Knickel, K. (2018). Specialisation and economies of scale or diversification and economies of scope? Assessing different agricultural development pathways. Journal of Rural Studies, 59, 222–231. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.04.013
Eaton, C., & Shepherd, A. (2001). Contract Farming: Partnerships for Growth. Food and Agricultural Organization.
Fabregas, R., Kremer, M., & Schilbach, F. (2019). Realizing the potential of digital development: The case of agricultural advice. Science, 366(6471), eaay3038.
Fatikhin, M., & Sudjoni, N. (2020). Analisis efisiensi usahatani serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi tebu di Desa Badang Kecamatan Ngoro Kabupaten Jombang. JU-ke (Jurnal Ketahanan Pangan), 4(1), 10-16.
Gramzow, A., Batt, P. J., Afari-Sefa, V., Petrick, M., & Roothaert, R. (2018). Linking smallholder vegetable producers to markets - A comparison of a vegetable producer group and a contract-farming arrangement in the Lushoto District of Tanzania. Journal of Rural Studies, 63, 168–179. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.07.011
Huang, J., Khan, M. T., Perecin, D., Coelho, S. T., & Zhang, M. (2020). Sugarcane for bioethanol production: Potential of bagasse in Chinese perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133, 110296. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110296
Ingaramo, A., Heluane, H., Colombo, M., & Cesca, M. (2009). Water and wastewater eco-efficiency indicators for the sugar cane industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(4), 487–495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.08.018
Joffre, O. M., Poortvliet, P. M., & Klerkx, L. (2019). To cluster or not to cluster farmers? Influences on network interactions, risk perceptions, and adoption of aquaculture practices. Agricultural Systems, 173, 151–160.
Kiezebrink, V., van der Wal, S., Theuws, M., & Kachusa, P. (2015). Sustainability issues in the sugar cane supply chain. Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen (SOMO). Amsterdam (NL). www ….
Koutsouris, A. (2018). Role of extension in agricultural technology transfer: A critical review. From Agriscience to Agribusiness: Theories, Policies and Practices in Technology Transfer and Commercialization, 337–359.
Kumalasari, A. D., Budiraharjo, K., & Setiadi, A. (2019). Komparasi produksi dan pendapatan petani tebu mitra dan non mitra pabrik gula Rendeng di Kabupaten Kudus. Agrisocionomics: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 3(1), 28-38.
Laasasenaho, K., Lensu, A., Lauhanen, R., & Rintala, J. (2019). GIS-data related route optimization, hierarchical clustering, location optimization, and kernel density methods are useful for promoting distributed bioenergy plant planning in rural areas. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 32, 47–57.
Le Gal, P.-Y., Lyne, P. W. L., Meyer, E., & Soler, L.-G. (2008). Impact of sugarcane supply scheduling on mill sugar production: A South African case study. Agricultural Systems, 96(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2007.05.006
Li, Q., Hadj-Hamou, K., & Rekik, Y. (2024). The formation of cooperatives with the implications of information sharing and contract farming. International Journal of Production Research, 1–22.
Lozano, M. A., dos Santos, R., Santos, J. J. C. S., & Serra, L. M. (2024). Optimal modes of operation and product cost allocation in sugarcane steam cogeneration plants. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 52, 102686. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2024.102686
Machimu, G. M. (2024). Next steps for smallholder sugarcane contract farmers in developing countries: A review. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 9, 100865. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100865
Martiniello, G., & Azambuja, R. (2019). Contracting sugarcane farming in global agricultural value chains in eastern Africa: Debates, dynamics, and struggles. Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy, 8(1–2), 208–231.
Nakano, Y., Tsusaka, T. W., Aida, T., & Pede, V. O. (2018). Is farmer-to-farmer extension effective? The impact of training on technology adoption and rice farming productivity in Tanzania. World Development, 105, 336–351. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.013
Negi, D. S., Birthal, P. S., Roy, D., & Khan, M. T. (2018). Farmers’ choice of market channels and producer prices in India: Role of transportation and communication networks. Food Policy, 81, 106–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.10.008
Otekunrin, O. A., Momoh, S., & Ayinde, I. A. (2019). Smallholder farmers’ market participation: concepts and methodological approach from Sub-Saharan Africa. Current Agriculture Research Journal, 7(2), 139.
Oyugi, B. A. (2016). Socio-economic impacts of sugarcane farming on livelihoods and the biophysical environment in Trans Mara Sub-County, Kenya. Unpublished Master’s, Kenyatta University.
Pingali, P., Aiyar, A., Abraham, M., Rahman, A., Pingali, P., Aiyar, A., Abraham, M., & Rahman, A. (2019). Linking farms to markets: reducing transaction costs and enhancing bargaining power. Transforming Food Systems for a Rising India, 193–214.
Saputro, A. J., & Rianti, T. S. M. (2024). Tingkat Risiko Pendapatan dan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pendapatan Usahatani Tebu Keprasan. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 20(1), 1-10.
Solomon, S., Vanichsriratana, W., Duong, C. A., Manimekalai, R., Singh, P., Misra, V., & Rao, G. P. (2024). Sustainability Issues and Opportunities for Sugar and Integrated Industries in ASEAN Region. Sugar Tech, 26(4), 932–950.
Sulaiman, A. A., Sulaeman, Y., Mustikasari, N., Nursyamsi, D., & Syakir, A. M. (2019). Increasing sugar production in Indonesia through land suitability analysis and sugarmill restructuring. Land, 8(4), 61.
Tadele, E. (2021). Land and heterogenous constraints nexus income diversification strategies in Ethiopia: systematic review. Agriculture & Food Security, 10, 1–14.
Taylor, M., & Bhasme, S. (2018). Model farmers, extension networks and the politics of agricultural knowledge transfer. Journal of Rural Studies, 64, 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.09.015
Teshome, A., de Graaff, J., Ritsema, C., & Kassie, M. (2016). Farmers’ perceptions about the influence of land quality, land fragmentation and tenure systems on sustainable land management in the north western Ethiopian highlands. Land Degradation & Development, 27(4), 884–898.
Tong, T., Ye, F., Zhang, Q., Liao, W., Ding, Y., Liu, Y., & Li, G. (2024). The impact of labor force aging on agricultural total factor productivity of farmers in China: Implications for food sustainability. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8, 1434604.
Ullah, A., Arshad, M., Kächele, H., Khan, A., Mahmood, N., & Müller, K. (2020). Information asymmetry, input markets, adoption of innovations and agricultural land use in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Land Use Policy, 90, 104261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104261
Vroegindewey, R., Theriault, V., & Staatz, J. (2018). Coordinating cereal farmers and buyers: evidence from Mali. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 8(2), 234–255.
Xhoxhi, O., Pedersen, S. M., & Lind, K. M. (2018). How does the intermediaries’ power affect farmers-intermediaries’ trading relationship performance? World Development Perspectives, 10–12, 44–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2018.09.004.
Zainuddin, A. (2018). Analisis potensi produksi tebu dengan pendekatan fungsi produksi frontir (Studi kasus di PT. Perkebunan Nusantara x). Jurnal Pangan, 27(1), 33-42.
Zaky, Y., Pambudy, R., & Harianto, H. (2019, April). ANALISIS EFISIENSI USAHATANI TEBU PETANI MITRA DAN NON MITRA DI KABUPATEN BLORA JAWA TENGAH. In Forum Agribisnis: Agribusiness Forum (Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 85-106).
Adams, T., Gerber, J.-D., Amacker, M., & Haller, T. (2019). Who gains from contract farming? Dependencies, power relations, and institutional change. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 46(7), 1435–1457.
Aguilar-Rivera, N. (2019). A framework for the analysis of socioeconomic and geographic sugarcane agro industry sustainability. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 66, 149–160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2018.07.006
Asrol, M., Marimin, Machfud, Yani, M., & Rohayati. (2024). A multi-criteria model of supply chain sustainability assessment and improvement for sugarcane agroindustry. Heliyon, 10(7), e28259. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28259
Babu, S. C., & Glendenning, C. J. (2019). Chapter 6 - Information needs of farmers: a systemic study based on farmer surveys (S. C. Babu & P. K. B. T.-A. E. R. in S. A. Joshi (eds.); pp. 101–139). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818752-4.00006-0
Badan Pusat Statistik, B. (2022). Analisis Data Gula Provinsi Jawa Timur 2022. https://web-api.bps.go.id/download.php?f=/fhdDc164jH1vGy+7IrUemdHQUNRcS8rdXNHSGVpb0daU1hFV0xDckF0K1ZHbmJVT3VIcWZ2MTlLcmZydnJqdmRWaXpvYnRsbVNkZFRRZHcvK0hiV09CMVp3YkYraGczT2hnYTdVV0dwQS9NdjBZZ1FhWXRNVmtTNEVoKzY4VWxFQ3BoKzZQUnE4TE5BY1dUQ3M5VlpNakJuWjNDWGw0N0
Bahati, I., Martiniello, G., & Abebe, G. K. (2022). The implications of sugarcane contract farming on land rights, labor, and food security in the Bunyoro sub-region, Uganda. Land Use Policy, 122, 106326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106326
Bijman, J., Mugwagwa, I., & Trienekens, J. (2020). Typology of contract farming arrangements: a transaction cost perspective. Agrekon, 59(2), 169–187.
Bosma, U. (2013). The sugar plantation in India and Indonesia: industrial production, 1770-2010. Cambridge University Press.
Cardozo, N. P., de Oliveira Bordonal, R., & La Scala, N. (2018). Sustainable intensification of sugarcane production under irrigation systems, considering climate interactions and agricultural efficiency. Journal of Cleaner Production, 204, 861–871. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.004
Chouhan, V. K., Khan, S. H., & Hajiaghaei-Keshteli, M. (2022). Hierarchical tri-level optimization model for effective use of by-products in a sugarcane supply chain network. Applied Soft Computing, 128, 109468. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2022.109468
Dal Belo Leite, J. G., Langa, F. M., von Maltitz, G., Lima Verde Leal, M. R., & Barbosa Cortez, L. A. (2020). Sugarcane outgrower schemes model: Friend or foe? A question for smallholder farmers in Mozambique. World Development Perspectives, 19, 100232. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100232
de Roest, K., Ferrari, P., & Knickel, K. (2018). Specialisation and economies of scale or diversification and economies of scope? Assessing different agricultural development pathways. Journal of Rural Studies, 59, 222–231. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.04.013
Eaton, C., & Shepherd, A. (2001). Contract Farming: Partnerships for Growth. Food and Agricultural Organization.
Fabregas, R., Kremer, M., & Schilbach, F. (2019). Realizing the potential of digital development: The case of agricultural advice. Science, 366(6471), eaay3038.
Fatikhin, M., & Sudjoni, N. (2020). Analisis efisiensi usahatani serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi tebu di Desa Badang Kecamatan Ngoro Kabupaten Jombang. JU-ke (Jurnal Ketahanan Pangan), 4(1), 10-16.
Gramzow, A., Batt, P. J., Afari-Sefa, V., Petrick, M., & Roothaert, R. (2018). Linking smallholder vegetable producers to markets - A comparison of a vegetable producer group and a contract-farming arrangement in the Lushoto District of Tanzania. Journal of Rural Studies, 63, 168–179. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.07.011
Huang, J., Khan, M. T., Perecin, D., Coelho, S. T., & Zhang, M. (2020). Sugarcane for bioethanol production: Potential of bagasse in Chinese perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133, 110296. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110296
Ingaramo, A., Heluane, H., Colombo, M., & Cesca, M. (2009). Water and wastewater eco-efficiency indicators for the sugar cane industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(4), 487–495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.08.018
Joffre, O. M., Poortvliet, P. M., & Klerkx, L. (2019). To cluster or not to cluster farmers? Influences on network interactions, risk perceptions, and adoption of aquaculture practices. Agricultural Systems, 173, 151–160.
Kiezebrink, V., van der Wal, S., Theuws, M., & Kachusa, P. (2015). Sustainability issues in the sugar cane supply chain. Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen (SOMO). Amsterdam (NL). www ….
Koutsouris, A. (2018). Role of extension in agricultural technology transfer: A critical review. From Agriscience to Agribusiness: Theories, Policies and Practices in Technology Transfer and Commercialization, 337–359.
Kumalasari, A. D., Budiraharjo, K., & Setiadi, A. (2019). Komparasi produksi dan pendapatan petani tebu mitra dan non mitra pabrik gula Rendeng di Kabupaten Kudus. Agrisocionomics: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 3(1), 28-38.
Laasasenaho, K., Lensu, A., Lauhanen, R., & Rintala, J. (2019). GIS-data related route optimization, hierarchical clustering, location optimization, and kernel density methods are useful for promoting distributed bioenergy plant planning in rural areas. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 32, 47–57.
Le Gal, P.-Y., Lyne, P. W. L., Meyer, E., & Soler, L.-G. (2008). Impact of sugarcane supply scheduling on mill sugar production: A South African case study. Agricultural Systems, 96(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2007.05.006
Li, Q., Hadj-Hamou, K., & Rekik, Y. (2024). The formation of cooperatives with the implications of information sharing and contract farming. International Journal of Production Research, 1–22.
Lozano, M. A., dos Santos, R., Santos, J. J. C. S., & Serra, L. M. (2024). Optimal modes of operation and product cost allocation in sugarcane steam cogeneration plants. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 52, 102686. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2024.102686
Machimu, G. M. (2024). Next steps for smallholder sugarcane contract farmers in developing countries: A review. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 9, 100865. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100865
Martiniello, G., & Azambuja, R. (2019). Contracting sugarcane farming in global agricultural value chains in eastern Africa: Debates, dynamics, and struggles. Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy, 8(1–2), 208–231.
Nakano, Y., Tsusaka, T. W., Aida, T., & Pede, V. O. (2018). Is farmer-to-farmer extension effective? The impact of training on technology adoption and rice farming productivity in Tanzania. World Development, 105, 336–351. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.013
Negi, D. S., Birthal, P. S., Roy, D., & Khan, M. T. (2018). Farmers’ choice of market channels and producer prices in India: Role of transportation and communication networks. Food Policy, 81, 106–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.10.008
Otekunrin, O. A., Momoh, S., & Ayinde, I. A. (2019). Smallholder farmers’ market participation: concepts and methodological approach from Sub-Saharan Africa. Current Agriculture Research Journal, 7(2), 139.
Oyugi, B. A. (2016). Socio-economic impacts of sugarcane farming on livelihoods and the biophysical environment in Trans Mara Sub-County, Kenya. Unpublished Master’s, Kenyatta University.
Pingali, P., Aiyar, A., Abraham, M., Rahman, A., Pingali, P., Aiyar, A., Abraham, M., & Rahman, A. (2019). Linking farms to markets: reducing transaction costs and enhancing bargaining power. Transforming Food Systems for a Rising India, 193–214.
Saputro, A. J., & Rianti, T. S. M. (2024). Tingkat Risiko Pendapatan dan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pendapatan Usahatani Tebu Keprasan. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 20(1), 1-10.
Solomon, S., Vanichsriratana, W., Duong, C. A., Manimekalai, R., Singh, P., Misra, V., & Rao, G. P. (2024). Sustainability Issues and Opportunities for Sugar and Integrated Industries in ASEAN Region. Sugar Tech, 26(4), 932–950.
Sulaiman, A. A., Sulaeman, Y., Mustikasari, N., Nursyamsi, D., & Syakir, A. M. (2019). Increasing sugar production in Indonesia through land suitability analysis and sugarmill restructuring. Land, 8(4), 61.
Tadele, E. (2021). Land and heterogenous constraints nexus income diversification strategies in Ethiopia: systematic review. Agriculture & Food Security, 10, 1–14.
Taylor, M., & Bhasme, S. (2018). Model farmers, extension networks and the politics of agricultural knowledge transfer. Journal of Rural Studies, 64, 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.09.015
Teshome, A., de Graaff, J., Ritsema, C., & Kassie, M. (2016). Farmers’ perceptions about the influence of land quality, land fragmentation and tenure systems on sustainable land management in the north western Ethiopian highlands. Land Degradation & Development, 27(4), 884–898.
Tong, T., Ye, F., Zhang, Q., Liao, W., Ding, Y., Liu, Y., & Li, G. (2024). The impact of labor force aging on agricultural total factor productivity of farmers in China: Implications for food sustainability. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8, 1434604.
Ullah, A., Arshad, M., Kächele, H., Khan, A., Mahmood, N., & Müller, K. (2020). Information asymmetry, input markets, adoption of innovations and agricultural land use in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Land Use Policy, 90, 104261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104261
Vroegindewey, R., Theriault, V., & Staatz, J. (2018). Coordinating cereal farmers and buyers: evidence from Mali. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 8(2), 234–255.
Xhoxhi, O., Pedersen, S. M., & Lind, K. M. (2018). How does the intermediaries’ power affect farmers-intermediaries’ trading relationship performance? World Development Perspectives, 10–12, 44–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2018.09.004.
Zainuddin, A. (2018). Analisis potensi produksi tebu dengan pendekatan fungsi produksi frontir (Studi kasus di PT. Perkebunan Nusantara x). Jurnal Pangan, 27(1), 33-42.
Zaky, Y., Pambudy, R., & Harianto, H. (2019, April). ANALISIS EFISIENSI USAHATANI TEBU PETANI MITRA DAN NON MITRA DI KABUPATEN BLORA JAWA TENGAH. In Forum Agribisnis: Agribusiness Forum (Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 85-106).
Diterbitkan
2025-07-30
##submission.howToCite##
SUWANDARI, Anik et al.
English.
SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, [S.l.], v. 19, n. 2, p. 68-84, july 2025.
ISSN 2615-6628.
Tersedia pada: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/soca/article/view/122605>. Tanggal Akses: 08 aug. 2025
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/SOCA.2025.v19.i02.p01.
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