The Use of Deixis in Julia Gillard’s Speech on Commemoration of Bali Bombing Victims in Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park, Bali

This paper is entitled The Use of Deixis in Julia Gillard’s Speech on Commemoration of Bali Bombing Victims in Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park, Bali. This research is aimed at analyzing the deixis used in the speech text by the Australia’s Prime Minister, Julia Gillard using Levinson’s theory. In conducting research, this study used qualitative method in which the study describes the types of deixis in which the data were taken from the Australian Minister website. Then identifying and classifying the deixis used in the speech text. The last step was analyzing the data supported by the concept of Levinson. From all the data analysis taken from the speech text delivered by Julia Gillard, this study found the types of deixis such as person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis. This study also found some deixis in one sentence which help the speaker and the audience understand the utterance better. This study suggests the students in the future to use the other part such as analyzing an interview, conference, novels, and the like. Finally, such a big hope for this study could be useful to sharpen the reader in understanding deixis.


Background of the Study
Basically, discourse can be presented by two structural types; they are dialogue and monologue. Monologue or narrative is a discourse produced by only one participant and associated with the activities of writing and reading (Hatch, 1992: 209). When people use monologue or narrative the writer or the speaker is often confused to transfer the exact meaning of what they want to say. Much of the meaning is understood by looking at and perceiving what is hidden behind the linguistic markers that have a pointing 'function' in a given discourse context (Hatch, 1992).
Thus the writer and speaker can use a way in which the relationship between language and context is reflected in the structures of languages themselves, through the phenomenon of deixis. Levinson (1983:54) states that deixis is concerned with the way in which languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech event, and thus it is also concerned with the ways in which the interpretation of utterances depend on the analysis of that context of utterance.
This view has motivated the writer to study deixis using the Julia Gillard's Speech on Commemoration of Bali Bombing Victims in Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park, Bali.

Research Method
Method is a systematic way to examine an object, which relates most suitable to research. Research on some narratives requires some steps. These steps are all necessary is determining the data source, method and technique of collecting data as well as method and technique of data analysis.

Data source
The data were taken from the text of the speech delivered by Julia Gillard in commemorating the terrorist attack in Bali. The text was downloaded from the website 3 pages long. This data source was chosen because the text itself consists of some types of deixis needed in this study.

Method and Techniques in Collecting Data
The method used in data collection is mainly the library research. This study used documentation method, including reading and note taking of the data from the speech text.

Method and Techniques of Analyzing Data
The collected data were analyzed using qualitative method. Qualitative method is used because this research analyzed a textual material. It was also used to explain the analysis based on the theory for better understanding the Deixis phenomenon.

Method and Techniques in Presenting Data
The analysis would be presented in a formal way. It was presented descriptively. One by one the data presented along with the analysis based on the problems of the study using the DOI: 10.24843/JH.2018.v22.i04.p20 ISSN: 2302-920X Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unud Vol 22.4 Nopember 2018 982 theory of deixis proposed by Levinson (1983).

Result and Disscussion
This chapter discusses the type of deixis used in speech or text, in this case in the Julia Gillard's speech in the commemoration of Bali bombing victims in Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park, Bali, proposed by Stephem C. Levinson (1983) in the book Pragmatics. The sub chapter proceeds to talk about the contextual meaning of the deixis using the study of semantics in analyzing the meaning of the context of deixis found in the speech text.

Analysis of Types of Deixis
According to Levinson (1983) in Pragmatics, there are 5 kinds of deixis; they are person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis. Here the analysis of deixis found in the Julia Gillard's Speech on Commemoration of Bali Bombing Victims in Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park, Bali.

1) Person Deixis
And they did not die alone. 38 Indonesians died with them

Type of Deixis : Person Deixis
References : They refers to the Austalian victims of Bali Bombing. Them refers to the Australians who were dead in the Bali Bombing tragedy.

2) Time Deixis
This is a day of contesting emotions, from anger and unamended loss to forgiveness and reconciliation with bitter past.

Type of Deixis : Time Deixis
Reference : This is a day

4) Person Deixis + Social Deixis
With that strength, we embrace those who suffered in Bali and lost so much.
Types of deixis : Person Deixis and Social Deixis References :We refers to the audience.
Embrace as the social deixis

5) Time Deixis + Discourse Deixis
Ten years later and we witness today another sort of courage: the courage it has taken for the survivors and families to make this pilgrimage.

1) Person Deixis + Time Deixis + Place Deixis
So today we return here in remembrance, but we also gather in quiet defiance.

Analysis of Contextual Meaning of Deixis
Based on the analyzed data above the deictic expression on the speech text mainly talks about the Australian people and Indonesian whose families are being the victims in the Bali Bombing doing a commemoration for their love and won't forget them. There was not only one type of deixis found in one sentence in this study but also two until three types of deixis in one sentence. The deixis could help the speaker deliver the meaning of a sentence thus the speaker can use more than one deixis in a sentence to refer to the meaning well.

1) Person Deixis
As it is shown above, the Minister mostly used first person deixis during her speech. In detail, the most used first person deixis is the first plural nouns we and our. The Minister mostly uses these words as she represents all the Australian and Indonesian citizens in the speech. Moreover, he also uses those words to show that she put herself as one of the Australian citizens who some of them were the victims of Bali Bombing tragedy.
Furthermore, the third person deixis, such as they, them are also used when the Minister explains how the terrorist attack happened and frightened the people in Bali and the tourist who wanted to come to Bali. The words are used to refer to the terrorist who was not in the commemoration.

2) Time Deixis
In the speech the Minister mostly used the type of time deixis today. The Minister tries to deliver the spirit and to awake the familis who lost their loved ones in the bombing accident that today is the time to rise and fight against the terrorist together. The deictical word today is also used to express that it was grateful they can gather to commemorate the incident. The minister also uses the types of time deixis before and later in some sentences. Before is used to emphasize that both countries Indonesia and Australian have never been this close, that the accident has made them closer and together gaining some courage and fight against the terrorist.

3) Place Deixis
During the speech the Minister mostly used the types of the place deixis here. The Minister used it almost all of the time to make the audience more focus on her speech. Here in the speech refers to the place where the Prime Minister Julia Gillard is speaking, Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park. However, the dectical word here in the speech also refers to the bustling streets which mean the busy place or busy city like Bali where the place was targeted by the terrorists. Beside here the Minister rarely used the other place deixis such as there, this, and that.

4) Discourse Deixis
In the speech the Prime Minister Julia Gillard mostly used Discourse Deixis expression it and lastly used these and this. It is mostly used by the Minister in her speech. The word it here refers to the bomb attack, the time the terrorist attacking Bali with the bomb, and the terrorist itself.

5) Social Deixis
Social deixis is particular aspects of the social relationship holding between the speaker and addressee(s) or speaker and some referents. Obvious examples of such grammaticalizations are 'polite' pronouns and titles of address. The Prime Minister Julia Gillard in her speech of commemoration of the Bali Bombing victim also used some social deixis expressions. The reason she used the social deixis in her speech was to deliver her speech in a more polite manner. Because it was still in a mourning situation, the Minister wanted to show her big condolences to the survivors and the family who were left by the Bali Bombing victims.

Conclusion
Based on the foregoing analysis and discussion, the following points can be drawn as conclusions: Person deixis functions to represent the victims, the terrorist, the family, and the audience. Therefore, by using the person deixis it will make the audience understand the message easier. The person deixis mostly used by the Prime Minister is the first plural noun We and Our , because the Prime Minister Julia Gillard wanted to persuade the audience to wake up and stand up against the terrorist. Time deixis is used to point to a time of the event relative to the time of speaking, the Prime Minister mostly used today. place deixis indicates the location between the speaker and the listener or the audience, including the locative Here. Discourse deixis is a number of other ways in which an utterance signals its relation to surrounding text such as in the speech text mostly used It. social deixis is a particular aspect of the social relationship holding between the speaker and addressee(s) or speaker and some referents.