The Types of Derivational Suffixes Found in The Dry Novel by Jane

Abstract


INTRODUCTION
Linguistics is the scientific study of languages.Linguistics can be classified into two groups based on the aspect of the study: macro linguistics and micro linguistics.One branch of micro linguistics that is concerned about word and its formation is known as Morphology.The study of the internal structure of words is known as morphology (Katamba, 1993).Morphology is also defined as the study of words and their structure (Bauer, 2003).And according to Lieber (2009), morphology is the study of how words are produced, including how new words are created in different languages throughout the world and how word forms alter depending on how they are used in sentences.It is possible to conclude that morphology is the study of how the words in a language are formed and their internal structure.It involves understanding how morphemes, which are the smallest units that have meaning, are combined to form larger words.Morphology allows us to understand how words undergo shape changes or are added with elements such as suffixes, prefixes, or reduplication, thus forming new meanings or changing grammatical functions.Morphemes can be classified into two main types: free morphemes and bound morphemes.According to Yule (2010), Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone as single words, for example, open and tour.Different from the free morpheme, bound morphemes cannot function as standalone words but must be attached to other morphemes to convey meaning.Affixes, such as prefixes and suffixes (e.g., "un-" or "-ed"), are examples of bound morphemes.The bound morpheme is separated into inflectional morpheme and derivational morpheme based on its functional role.Derivational morphemes frequently create a new word, which affects the class as well as the meaning of the term.Nominal suffixes, verbal suffixes, adjectival suffixes, and adverbial suffixes are four types of derivational suffixes.
Morphology is interesting to analyse because this course focuses on the analysis of word structure.The word seems like a simple thing, but when you analyse it, there is a lot to describe and explain.Words are like book and books have different meanings.The books are identified as one book.Meanwhile, books recognized as plural nouns can also be recognized as an inflectional suffix.Books are one word, but as analysed, the word consists of two morphemes; for example, the word is reopened.A word has 3 morphemes consisting of a free morpheme and two bound morphemes.The use of derivational suffixes can give new nuances to the base word.Emphasizes the importance of affixation in adding a dimension of meaning to language, thus for richer and more nuanced expressions.This phenomenon aroused the writer interest to analyse this topic.Finding the types of derivational suffixes is concentrated on by the writer in this study.The data source in this study is The Dry.Which had been chosen because this novel conceives a lot of derivational suffixes. .The writers in this study only analysed 4 chapters in this novel because of its relevance to the topic being researched or due to the limited time available.This study has significant differences with previous study in several important aspects.Both in terms of, the focus of this study is different and more specific.In addition, this study used the different research methods.Furthermore, in terms of result and findings, this study can provide additional supporting evidence or information.Lastly, it is important to note that the difference between this study and previous studies could also lie in the theoretical or conceptual approach.Thus, this research is unique and contributes to the literature and previous study in terms of focus, methods, results, and theoretical or conceptual approaches.The introduction should deal with what discussion on the topic is going on and explain how your study contributes to the discussion.Add such information in this part.

METHOD AND THEORY
The Dry novel written by Jane Harper is the data of this study and The Dry published in 2017 with 342 pages.This novel tells the tragic story that happened to Luke Hadler and his family.This novel is also very interesting to read because the story is very interesting.In collecting the data for this study uses the observation method.There were some steps of collecting the data to find out each word that contain a derivational suffix.First, read the novel carefully to get the word that showed derivational suffixes.Secondly, note-taking the word that contains derivational suffixes.Then, the data that contained derivational suffixes were noted and classified based on the types of suffixes.Descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze the data in this study.After the data were collected, then were classified the data according to types of suffixes applying the proposed theory by Plag (2003) and this study was also supported by the theory from Carstairs-Mccarthy (2002) for the word class of the data and the function of derivational suffixes.The finding of this study presented formal and informal.A formal way for the table and an informal way for their description.
There was some related literature used as a reference in this study.The first article was written by Desmara (2022) entitled An Analysis of Derivational Suffixes in Justin Bieber's Changes Album.This study aims to describe types and function derivational suffixes in song lyrics.The data were taken from Justin Bieber's Changes Album.This study used theory from Plag, (2003).The finding showed 36 derivational suffixes divided into 3 types such as; 21 nominal suffixes, 10 adverb suffixes, and 5 adjective suffixes.The differences between the previous study with the current study are from the data source, Desmara used Justin Bieber's Changes Album meanwhile this research used a novel.The last difference is in theory.The previous study only uses the theory from Plag (2003) meanwhile the current study uses the theory from Plag (2003) and is supported by the theory from Carstairs-Mccarthy (2002).
The second article was written by Andadari (2022) entitled Derivational Affixes Found on Instagram Post @POEMSPORN_.This study aims to find out the types of derivational affixes, the function, and the general meaning of each word found in the Instagram Post @poemsporn_.The data were taken from Instagram Post @poemsporn_.This study used the theory by Brinton (2010) and the theory by Katamba (1993).The researcher used a descriptive qualitative method to analyse the data.The result of this study is there are 5 prefixes and 29 suffixes.For the function of derivational affixes, there are 33 class changing and 2 class maintaining.There are some differences between Andadari's article with this study.The differences are from the problem of the study, they analysed the types and functions of derivational affixes which contain prefixes and suffixes.This research just focuses on analysing the types of derivational suffixes.The other difference is in the data source that was used, Andadari and friends used Instagram Post @Poemsporn_, and this study used a novel from The Dry as the data source.The last difference is from the theory.Andadari's article used theory from Brinton (2010) and Katamba (1993) Meanwhile, This research employed theories from Plag (2003) and Carstairs-Mccarthy (2002) The third article was written by Narasuari & Sri Rahayuni (2020) entitled Derivational Suffixes in Crazy Rich Asians Novel: A Morphological Analysis.This study aims to analyse the types and functions of derivational suffixes.The data were taken from Crazy Rich Asians novel.The theory applied in this study was proposed by Plag (2003).The finding showed there are four types of suffixes and the function of the suffixes.The differences between the previous study with the current study are the problem.Based on the previous study, categorization the function of derivational suffixes and their types were identified.Meanwhile, the current study only focused on analysing the types of derivational suffixes.The other difference is that the previous study used Plag's (2003) theory, however the current study used Plag's (2003) theory and is supported by Carstairs-Mccarthy's (2002) theory.
The next article from Putri ( 2022) is entitled "Derivational Suffixes in The Novel The Legend of Sleepy Hollow".Her study aims to analyse derivational suffixes.The data were taken from The Legend of Sleepy Hollow novel.The writer used the theory proposed by Fromkin (2003).The finding showed there are 213 data derivational suffixes.The differences between the previous study with the current study are the theory.The previous study used the theory proposed by Fromkin (2003), but this study used the theories proposed by Plag (2003) and Carstairs-Mccarthy (2002).
The last article from Dwiyanti (2022) is entitled "Types of Derivational Affixes in New Idea Magazine: A Morphological Analysis".The study aims to identify the derivational affixes that can be found in the data.The data were taken from New Idea magazine.The writer used the theory proposed by Katamba (1993) and the theory proposed by Lieber (2009).The finding showed 427 data that contain derivational affixes.There are some differences between the previous study and this current study.The difference is from the problem of the study, they analysed derivational affixes, meanwhile, this study focuses on derivational suffixes.The other difference is from the data source that was used, Dwiyanti, et al used a magazine and this study used a novel.And the last difference is from theory.Dwiyanti (2022) used the theory from Katamba (1993) and Lieber (2009).Meanwhile, this study used the theory from Plag (2003) and Carstairs-Mccarthy (2002).

SUFFIXES
According to Plag (2003), there are four types of derivational suffixes.
Verbal suffixes is verbs derived from other categories, primarily adjectives and nouns, such as -ate, -en, -ify, and -ize.
Adverbial suffixes come from another category (adjective and noun).There is suffix -ly and suffix -wise.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This study used data from "The Dry" novel written by Jane Harper in 2017.As the data, this study discovered 194 types of derivational suffixes.The table below presented the types of derivational suffixes in a data source.The classification of the data below is presented based on the theory proposed by Plag (2003).The table 1 shows all the various types of derivational suffixes identified in the data source.Based on the table, the dominant types of suffixes are adjectival suffixes with 69 data.Then, nominal suffixes are the second dominant type with 66 data.It is followed by adverbial suffixes with the 58 data.The last type of suffixes are verbal suffixes with 1 data.
The data were analyzed by theory from Plag (2003) in his book entitled Word Formation in English to identify the types of derivational suffixes and theory from Carstairs-Mccarthy (2002)in their book entitled An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure for the structure.

Derivational Nominal Suffixes
Derivational nominal suffixes are often employed to derive abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives, and nouns.And the analysis of the data was explained below: a. Noun Derived from Verb "Falk took his in astonishment".(Pg.26) Based on the data presented above, the word Astonishment derived from verb to noun.Word astonishment (N) is derived from the base noun astonish.The base word astonish means surprise greatly Oxford Learner's Pocket Dictionary ( 2008) By stanching the suffix -ment after the base word it forms the word astonishment (N) means very surprising or unexpected.Therefore, the word class is changed by adding the suffix -ment to the original word.The process of the base farm connects with the suffix -er making the word farmer.This suffix changes the meaning but not the word class; it provides the suffix -er a function to maintain the word class.The word farm has the meaning of an area of land and associated structures used for raising food and breeding animals.Moreover, the meaning of farmer is the person who owns or manages a farm Oxford Learner's Pocket Dictionary (2008).The suffix -er in the word childhood can be identified as a classmaintaining suffix.c.Nouns Derived from Adjective "When he looked back, time had moved on and Luke and Karen were smiling with stiff formality on their wedding day".(Pg.9) Based on the data, the word formality is a noun built with two morphemes.The base formal (Adj) is the first morpheme then the base word is added by the second morpheme which is the suffix -ity.The base formal has meaning done by rules of etiquette; appropriate for or comprising an official or significant setting or occasion.Meanwhile, the meaning of formality is the rigid observance of rules of convention or etiquette Oxford Learner's Pocket Dictionary (2008) The process added of the suffixity in the base word makes the suffix -ity function as the class-changing suffix.

Derivational Verbal Suffixes
The process of creating new words of verbs there are formed by taking a basic word from another lexical category and combining them with certain suffixes.a. Verbs Derived from Adjectives "Even those who didn"t darken the door of the church from one Christmas o the next could tell there would be more mourners than seats".(Pg. 1) Dark is an adjective before it is added by the suffix -en at the end of the word.The base becomes a verb and changes to the darken because of the suffix -en which is put at the last of the word.The function of the suffix -en beside changes the word class, this also changes the meaning.Dark means with little or no light.Meanwhile, darken is making or becoming dark or darker Oxford Learner's Pocket Dictionary (2008).From this analysis, it can be proven that the suffix -en is part of class-changing suffixes.

Derivational Adjectives Suffixes
English adjectival suffixes are classified into two categories: relational adjectives and qualitative adjectives.a. Adjectives Derived from Verbs "We wanted something small and manageable after-"she hesitated for a beat".(Pg.25) The word manageable to take from the base manage as a verb then added with the suffix -able.From the verb in the word class, it is changed to an adjective because suffix -able.The base manage from the meaning succeed in doing something, especially something difficult.Meanwhile, manageable means capable of being handled, controlled, or done without much trouble, Oxford Learner's Pocket Dictionary (2008).This becomes class-changing because there is a phenomenon of changing the word class and its meaning.From the data, it is visible that there is the word personal.The word personal comes from the free morpheme person with the meaning of a human being regarded as an individual.The word person is a noun in the word class, then the free morpheme person added by suffix -al becomes personal and changes from noun to adjective, personal means of, affecting, or belonging to a particular person rather than anyone else Oxford Learner's Pocket Dictionary (2008).From the analysis, the suffix -al is classified into class-changing suffixes.c.Adjectives Derived from adjectives "Say Luke wanted to hide something smallish".(Pg. 37) [[Small] adj -ish] adj In the word class, the word small is an adjective, it has the meaning of a size that is less than normal.This changes the word smallish after the word small, followed by the suffix -ish.After this process, the word smallish is an adjective in the word class, it means not changing the word class.Smallish means fairly small Oxford Learner's Pocket Dictionary (2008).Suffix -ish is identified as class maintaining suffixes because it just changes the meaning of the word.

Derivational Adverbial Suffixes
Derivational adverbial suffixes are the process of creating new words of adverbs that are formed by taxing a basic word from a word in another lexical category part of speech.

[[Awkward] adj -ly] adv
Awkward means causing difficulty; hard to do or deal with.In the word class, word awkward is adjective.Meanwhile, awkwardly is adverb with the meaning in an ungainly manner; not smoothly or gracefully Oxford Learner's Pocket Dictionary (2008).Suffixly is the part of class changing suffixes because after put suffix-ly in the last of the word awkward, it changes the word class.
"They were mingling solemnly, balancing plastic cups and plates of chocolate ripple cake".(Pg.15)

[[Solemn] adj -ly] adv
It is clear from the data that there is word solemnly.Word solemnly comes from the free morpheme solemn with the meaning formal and dignified, the word solemn is an adjective in the word class.Then the free morpheme solemn added by suffix -ly become solemnly and changes from adjective to adverb, solemnly means in a formal and dignified manner Oxford Learner's Pocket Dictionary (2008).From the analysis above proves that the suffix -ly is part of class-changing suffixes.Game is classified as a noun.In the word game, after being added by the suffix -ly, the category of the word class becomes gamely as an adverb.The addition of the suffixly at the end of the word changed the meaning of the word.A game means of play or sport, particularly one that is competitive and is decided by skill, strength, or chance.Meanwhile gamely, means in a brave, spirited way Oxford Learner's Pocket Dictionary (2008).The suffix -ly in the word gamely changed the word class, this proves that the suffix -ly is identified as the class-changing suffix.My.Bigest concern is what does the numeral data mean?Add further discussion to answer my question.

CONCLUSION
Based on the result above, it can be concluded that the data source contained all types of derivational suffixes, and there are some processes in analyzing the structure of derivational suffixes based on the analysis that have been mentioned before.The total of the data found in this research is 194 data which consist of nominal suffixes with 66 data suffixes are -ing, -ion, -er, -ity, -ship, -ment, -hood, -ist, -(e)ry, -ful.Secondly, in verbal suffixes with 1 data in this type, the writer just found the suffix -en.Next, adjectival suffixes with 69 data consist of suffixes -ed, -ous, -ing, -less, -ive, -ful, -ly,al, -able, and -ish.The last suffix is adverbial suffixes with 58 data only the suffix -ly that is found in the data source.
b. Nouns Derived from Nouns "The farmer shifted his large body slightly and fixed Falk properly in his gaze for the first time".(Pg.6) [[Farm] n -er] n b. Adjective Derived from Nouns "Just here in a personal capacity," Falk said.(Pg.35) [[ Person] n -al] adj b. Adverb Derives from Noun "Gamely attempting to bring geography or woodwork or something else alive for bored teenagers".(Pg.5) [[Game] n -ly] adv

Table 1 .
Derivational Suffixes Found in The Dry Novel