Transitivity Analysis in English for Logistics: A Systemic Functional Linguistic Study

Abstract


INTRODUCTION
Using a textbook is fundamental to most language curricula (Richard, 2020). It serves a significant role in the field of language teaching. The various types of textbooks are distinguished by their respective characteristics. 1. The first category pertains to providing information. 2. The second category involves referencing and illustrating concepts. 3. The third category pertains to controlling variables in the study. The text discusses various academic files, such as assignment forms and exam cards. According to Nikonova et al. (2016), the textbook is a model for acquiring knowledge within a particular field of study. It is intended for use by students and is available in both print and electronic formats.
The English textbook serves as a teaching medium for students in various academic disciplines. The use of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) was utilized. Febriyanti (2018) cites Hutchinson and Waters (1987) to assert that English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is a pedagogical approach that involves the use of topics that are relevant to the learner's specific needs and goals for learning English. ESP refers to a discipline in English language teaching that seeks to assist students with their academic writing assignments. The ESP methodology is evident in the differentiation between specific and general approaches to teaching English (Salmani-nodoushan, 2020). The Oxford Express series comprises 21 textbooks for learning English for Specific Purposes. An English textbook titled "English for Logistics" will be examined through the lens of the functional grammar approach, specifically the transitivity process.
Out of all research above, only Khorina's research analyzed the transitivity process in English engineering text. Khorina (2020) investigated the process type frequently occurring in the data. The result shows only three types of processes: material, relational and existential. The dominant is the relational process. The research focuses on English for Logistics, which no one has researched. Thus, the researchers aim to analyze transitivity to know the processes applied in English for Logistics. The researchers apply the types of processes in articles on reading comprehension in English for Logistics Book. The book was published in 2009. The main author is Marion Grussendorf. The book covers a range of subjects associated with the logistics industry, and it is used as learning media for students majoring in Logistics Business.
The reason why researchers use process transitivity as a topic is that in transitivity analysis, we can identify actors who perform actions in sentences. It helps us understand who is responsible for an action or event and we can analyze the social relations contained in sentences. For example, we can see how power, dependence, or influence manifests in the relationship between agents and actors.
Based on the introduction above, the research problems are formulated as 1) what type of processes appear in English for Logistics Book, and 2) What the dominant process is used in English for Logistics Book.

METHOD AND THEORY
The researchers used a descriptive qualitative method. It is usually used to analyze the structure of the clause. The data source is from six articles on reading comprehension In English for Logistics Book by Grussendorf (2009). It was published in 2009. Now, this book is used as media learning for students majoring in Business Logistics at one of the universities in Bandung. The researchers collected and analyzed data based on Miles dan Huberman (in Rijali 2019). The stages of the research are presented in Figure 1: First, collect the data from six articles in the book, then select the clauses based on the research question. Next, analyze the clauses and find the dominant types of processes in the data. After that, the researchers took the conclusion of the research.

Systemic Functional Linguistics
Some linguistics knows the functional grammar approach as a systemic functional linguistic (SFL). In SFL, there are three different functions in the clause. It is called the three metafunction. According to Halliday & Matthiessen (2014), metafunction refers to three distinct functions in the clause. They are interpersonal meaning, textual meaning, and representation meaning.
Interpersonal meaning refers to the grammatical choice that enables the speaker to communicate with the listener or others. Based on Sujatna (2013), interpersonal meaning focuses on the subject's function in the clause's structure. Interpersonal meaning explains whom the speaker wants to speak to other. It is called a clause as an exchange. It talks about mood and residue. The mood is a system that realizes the subject's position is finite, while another element in the structure of the clause can be called the residue.
Textual meaning expresses how language relates to its environment. Based on Bloor & Bloor (2004), language relates what is said (or written) to the rest of the text or other linguistic events. The subject of the clause is called the theme. It expresses the point of the message. In comparison, another element as information of the message is called rheme.
Experiential meaning is a process that talks about a human experience that covers ideas, feeling, sensing, saying, happening, existing, and behaving. Based on Halliday & Matthiessen (2004), it is categorized into six types of process. They are the material process, mental process, relational process, verbal process, existential process, and behavioral process.

Material Process
The material process is a process of doing and happening. It talks about human experience and constructs the other aspect of human experience itself. Based on Thompson (2014) it was said that the material process involves processes of physical activity such as running, cooking, drawing, and so on. The material process has several participants. The actor is the participant who describes someone or thing doing a process. The goal is the result of the process, and circumstance talks about the adverbial or the information of the time, place, manner, reason, etc. Based on Halliday & Matthiessen (2014b)  Goal circumstan ce The word "mother" describe someone who is doing the process, and the verb "is cooking" explains the process. "the rice" is a goal. It describes the result of the process doing. Furthermore, the last, " in the kitchen" as a circumstance, is the information of the place.

Mental Process
The mental process is a process of feeling, thinking, and perceiving. According to Halliday & Matthiessen (2014a) a "mental" clause construes a quantum of change in the flow of events taking place in our own consciousness. This process of sensing may be construed either as flowing from a person"s consciousness or as impinging on it; but it is not construed as a material act. The Subject in mental process is same that is subject as a speaker. The main participant can called a senser of the experiencer. Another participant is a phenomenon. It explains the experiencer such as feeling, thinking, or receiving. In addition Sujatna (2012), process is the center of transitivity that is represented by verbs. They are verbs of perception, cognition, desideration, and emotion. An example of a mental process is shown below: 2) "My mother likes Korean's Drama".

My mother likes
Korean's Drama senser Process: Mental Phenomenon Example (2) above tells the words "my mother" a senser or experiencer because she is someone who feels the phenomenon of Korean Drama.

Relational Process
According to Gerot and Wignell (in Rohmat et al., 2018) " relational process can be classified according to wheater they are being used to identify something or to assign a quality to something." It is attributive or identifying. The participant of attributive is a carrier as a subject and attribute as a subject complement. While identifying, the subject is called token and the other participant is value.  (3) shows the subject as the carrier and the words" a doctor" as an attribute. The verb " is" is called attributive. In SFL, this clause is included in a copular clause. The clause does not have an object and all the elements can not be separated. While example (4) describes the word "father" as value and the words " his car" as a token. The verb "changes" is called identifying. This clause can be changed into passive voice.
"His car is changed by father". His car Is changed By father Token Identifying Value

Verbal Process
Halliday & Matthiessen (2014b) states the verbal clauses are all except for one accompanied by quotes. Based on Sujatna (2013), the verbal process is a process of saying. The participant is included in verbal processes that are subject to the sayer and another participant usually called target or verbiage. The distinction between target and verbiage can explain below.
"the teacher told the final exam last week". The examples of (6) and (7) have the same participants. The word " the teacher" is used as sayer, but other participants have different functions. The words " the final exam" is called verbiage. It refers to something that the sayer said. While the words " the student" is target. It refers to someone who gets the information from the sayer. Other participant expresses the information that is called circumstance.

Existential Process
Existential process represent that something exist or happens (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014b). In addition, Sujatna (2013) states that an existential process is a process of existing or happening. The word "there" has no functional representation. The verb is called existential and the other participant is existent.
"There are many cars in parking area". There are many cars in parking area Process: Existential Existent Circums tance The example (8) shows the word "there" has no representation function in that clause.

Behavioural Process
The behavioral process is a process that is related to physiological or psychological behavior. The participant is called behaver. "she smiles". She smiles behaver Process: behavioural The example above shows the verb " smiles" as psychological behavior, and the subject "she" is called behaver.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The researchers presented the data taken from six articles on reading comprehension in English for Logistics Book. The clauses were analyzed into types of process transitivity systems. They are the material process, mental process, relational process, verbal process, existential process, and behavioral process. This research found 57 data, and it analyzed all of them. The data analysis can be shown in Table 1 below.  Table 1 above explains the frequency of occurrence of transitivity process in English for Logistic Book. It represents only four type of processes that appear in the data. They are the material process at as much as 35%, the mental process at as much as 36,8%, the relational process at as much as 23%, and the last verbal process at as much as 5,2%, which implies that the mental process has dominated occurrence of the process in the data.

a. Material Process
The material process is a process of doing and happening. In this case, 20 data refer to the process of doing and happening. The sample of data can be analyzed as below: The data (1) and (2) shows that the words "China" and "The GPS device" can be categorized as an actor. Both of them are doing the process. The verbs " handle and offers" are called a process of doing. It refers to the activity done by the actor. Therefore, "more cargo and several programming options" are the goal. It is related to an object in that clause. Other participants appear in that circumstance in words "than any other country in the world."

b. Mental Process
The mental process is a process of thinking, feeling, and perceiving. This research has 21 data that are included in the mental process. The data will be shown below: 3) "In the past, warehouse was only seen as a place to store things". The data (3) and (4) show the mental process. The verb "seen" refers to the perception verb, while "enable" refers to the cognition verb. The words " Warehouse and Barcodes" are called senser or experiencer, and the phenomenon can be seen in the phrase " as a place to store things" and " warehouse stuff."

c. Relational Process
The relational process expresses the verb that can describe the participant's state and identify something. In this case, the researchers found 13 data, and one of them can be shown below: Data (5) explains that the word "Shanghai" is a subject and the words" one of the most attractive locations" as a subject complement. The verb "is" is a linking verb. Moreover, in the relational process, the subject can be called carrier, and subject complement is attribute. This data is included in the relational process attributive.

d. Verbal Process
A verbal process is a process of saying. The clause can be direct or indirect speech. This research found 3 data. All of the data is shown below: 6) "Operator BAA said that it would be put the airport at the cutting edge of global travel". The data (6, 7, and 8) show the verb "said and claimed" as a verbal process.
The subject "Operator BAA, BA and BAA" is used as sayer. The researchers did not find participants as targets; they all are the same participant, verbiage.
Meanwhile, the behavioral and existential processes are not found in this research. The research only found four types of processes. They are Material Process, Mental Process, Relational Process, and Verbal Process.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, only four types of transitivity occur in English for Logistics books. They are the material, mental, relational, and verbal processes. The mental process dominates the process in this research by as much as 36,8%.
The differences between this research and the previous research are that the researchers found that the most different process occurred, the mental process. However, the previous research found mostly relational processes in other genres of English textbooks.
This research can be useful for the next researcher who wants to analyze the same topic and can be considered one of the references.