Analysis of Maxim Violations on Japanese Comic Strip “ Kariage Kun ” Vol 49 and its Indonesian Translation

– Humor could be created by violation of maxim of the cooperative principle as proposed by Grice. In Kariage Kun, a well-known Japanese humor comic, it is challenging to analyze what maxim violation is explored to create humor, as it represents a co-interplay between a series of images and text. This study aimed to analyze the pattern of maxim violation in source text from Kariage Kun vol 49 (from word level to sentence level) and to compare whether the pattern of maxim violation is similar or shifting in the Indonesian version. The result of this study shows that the author of the comic explored the violation of maxims to create humor. The violation took place on a single or combination of the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relevance, and the maxim of manner. Compared to the target text, there are not many (less than ten percent) shifting of the pattern of maxim violation in the target text. The shifting mostly occurred when the violation dealt with the ambiguity of typical cultural load in the source text, preservation of acceptability and readability for target readers in terms of translation technique, and limited space of speech balloon.


Introduction
Nowadays, the daily use of humor in society is increasing, such as comic strips, memes, stand-up comedy, and comedy movies.As it makes people laugh, humor is also could be functioned to entertain, build a good relationship in society, and even deliver a message of social criticism in a satirical way.A unique thing that can trigger humor in a conversation is by violating the rules of language use (Puri, 2019).Additionally, Ross (1998) defined the word 'humor' as something that makes people laugh or smile as a result of violations made by the participants.Ross's definition of humor is also underlined by Attardo (1994: 47) stating that the violation of the cooperative principle between participants in the conversation could form the situation of humor.Grice (in Wijana, 2003) argued that communication takes place on the basis of a cooperative principles, which is containing maxims to obey.There are four maxims to obey, namely the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relevance, and the maxim of manner.The maxim of quality exists where one tries to be as informative as one possibly can, and gives as much information as is needed, and no more.Next, the maxim of quality persists where one tries to be truthful, and does not give information that is false or that is not supported by evidence.Meanwhile, the maxim of relevance requires one to be relevant and says things that are pertinent to the discussion.Furthermore, the maxim of manner exists when one tries to be as clear, as brief, and as orderly as one can in what one says, and where one avoids obscurity and ambiguity.Maxims are principles to obey by participants of a speech in interaction, both textually and interpersonally to create effective communication..However, violation of cooperative principles frequently takes place.This violation makes the information provided becoming excessive, incorrect, irrelevant, and convoluted.As a result, they make incongruity situations which people commonly used to produce a humor.In this regard, Padmawati (2021:83) considered the cooperative principle as a determinant to success conversation, however in practice, often violated.Occasionally, violation of maxims of cooperative principles often makes conversation more interesting and funny, for instance, conversation in Kariage Kun comic strip.
Kariage Kun is a famous Japanese humor comic strip.The comic depicts the uproar caused by Kariage Kun, a mischievous office worker in the sales department of an anonymous Japanese company, Honyara Industry.He has a genius inspiration for mischief, finds mischievous seeds from everyday trivial matters, and is well-talented to harass others.With such consistency in producing humor, it won a grand prize of a gold plaque and a medal in the 45 th Japan Cartoonists Association Award in 2016, a prestigious award among Japanese cartoonists since 1972.
Although the comic is very famous in Japan, especially dealing with the humor inside, not all Indonesian readers can comprehend the humor.The comic writer explores violations of maxims to create humor.However, Low (in Yuliasri, 2019:122) stated that "if a joke is not translated as a joke, then the translation is bad".As a consequence, the comic translator surely has a big task preserving the humor in the target text, as well as considering its acceptability and readability for the target readers.Hence, the translator makes adjustments through translation techniques applied in translation.Considering these adjustments, the pattern of maxim violations might probably shift.Therefore, as a translation study, this study aimed to analyze maxim violations in the Japanese version compared with its Indonesian version to see if there are any shifting in the pattern of maxim violation.

Research Method
The research method is essentially a scientific way to obtain data with specific goals and uses (Sugiyono, 2019:2).Moreover, Sugiyono (2019:2) stated that four keywords of the research method are the scientific method, data, purpose, and specific usability.The scientific method regards to the scientific principles, such as being rational, empirical, and systematic.Hence, the research method could be defined as a scientific method to obtain data for certain aims and uses.
This study was conducted in a qualitative study as it describes the actual phenomenon by using scientific procedures to answer any actual problems (Sutedi, 2018:58).This study is a comparative study (as proposed by Sutedi, 2018:62), as it compares two variables to find if there is a similarity or a significant difference.Then, it figures out the factors of the similarity or the difference, and finally make a conclusion that a factor will determine the existence of a phenomenon.
This study compared maxim violation of text between Kariage Kun vol.49 Japanese version and its Indonesian version.The data was gathered from a totally of 235 stories of Kariage Kun Vol 49, which have been confirmed the humor by a Japanese native.All data was then observed, identified, and finally classified by comparing the original text in Japanese with the translation in Indonesian.Moreover, the original text in Japanese was then transcribed (began with the symbol「」 and /) and translated into English to show the meaning (by the symbol of < and >) (as proposed by Sutedi, 2019).The Indonesian version was also translated into English to show the equal meaning in English.Furthermore, the analysis of maxim violations both in the source text and target text used Grice's theory to determine the pattern of maxim violations.Finally, the result of the analysis will figure out whether there is any shifting in maxim violation between the source text and target text.

Theory
According to Grice's cooperative principle, people ideally communicate cooperatively to make communications effective.The principle states "make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged" (Grice, 1975:45).The principle then was classified into four maxims, namely maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance, and maxim of manner.When there is a violation of one maxim, it is assumed that the violation is deliberately created to make a conversational implicature.However, in daily communication, people do not always keep the cooperative principle as it could be in an intention of a politeness reason (Grice in Sako, 2008), or for humor reason.Moreover, in creating humor, Attardo (1993:528) stated that there was a consensus in humor studies that maxim violation might be involving single or multiple maxims.This possibility was also taken into account, especially in making the category of a pattern of maxim violation.
This study focused on the humor intention of the comic.In analyzing maxim violations on humorous verbal expressions both in source and target text, this study used Grice's theory of maxims and submaxims (Grice, 1975)

Results and Discussion
From 235 expressions of each story taken from the comic, there are 172 expressions (73.19%) violating the same maxim(s), and 42 expressions (17.87%) not violating any maxim(s).Hence, there is no shifting in the pattern of maxim violation between the source text and target text.Like most stories in this category display common sense of humor, especially which is coming from daily trivial matters, the shifting of maxim violation is rarely taking place.It can be drawn mostly from the category of the violation on the maxim of relevance as the majority (85 expressions) and the category of no maxim violation in both source and target text.
Meanwhile, the maxim violations pattern of 21 expressions (8.94%) is shifting.They are classified into Target text violating different maxim(s) and Target text violating no maxim.Commonly, in case of shifting of pattern, Source text has engaged with image and context with a typical cultural load.On the other hand, the message of humor in Target text is not delivered or delivered partially through translation techniques applied by the translator to maintain its acceptability and readability.In addition, the message in the target text is also depending on the space of the speech balloon.Somehow, the balloon does not fulfill the translation, so therefore, the translator sometimes made a footnote or explanation on the other space in which the sense of humor does not come out spontaneously.For the discussion of this study, each category will be given an example of expression dealing with maxim violation.Kariage was listening to his friends talking about three-star restaurant.In common, starleveling of a restaurant is identically dealing with the level of menu and service.As an annoying person, he pretended to know a three-star restaurant to go to for lunch.Curiously, the chief clerk wanted to join him as she had never gone to any three-starred restaurant before.In the 4 th panel, she was annoyed (shown by her facial expression) founding that the three stars symbol is only functioned as a mark showing the restaurant's branding (first star: fast, second star: cheap, and third star: tasty).Three stars commonly relate to the service level of a restaurant.However, the phrase 'three stars' is ambiguous.The phrase may belong to: 1) Shape: an object, a decoration, a mark, etc., usually with five or six points, whose shape represents a star; 2) Mark of quality: a mark that represents a star and tells you how good something is, especially a hotel or restaurant (see https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/star_1?q=star).Hence, this ambiguity coming out from the phrase 'three stars' is regarded as a violation of the maxim of manner.Furthermore, the contribution of Kariage by stating three stars dealing with restaurant is irrelevant, especially when it comes to the end of the story representing the disappointment of the chief clerk.This irrelevancy is stated as violating the maxim of relevance.In this story, the violation of maxim is taking place at the level of phrase and violating two maxims at once (relevance and manner) by both source text and target text.

Source Text and Target Text are both not Violating any Maxim(s) Example of title:
「キャッチアンドリリース /kyacchi ando ririisu 」 <catch and release> Situational context: One day, Kariage saw a man catching a fish when fishing.Wisely, the man released the fish into the water.It is common for people to catch and release fish when fishing by means of animal preservation.However, when it comes to Kariage going fishing, he incidentally caught a boot (as a trash material).Considering the concept of catch and release (in a wrong way), he made mischief by releasing (throwing away) the boot, annoying someone who immediately prevent Kariage to throw the boot away.Catch and release is a conservation practice within fishing where after capture, often followed by a fast measurement and weighing of the fish.The following step is taking photography as proof of the catch, and then the fish are unhooked and returned alive to the water.However, for mischief Kariage, the concept of catch and release is shifted to create humor by his action to throw away the trash boot.On this occasion, the expression of phrase-level 'catch and release' stands for the title only, and has no violation of any maxim.The violation later took place by Kariage action of throwing away the boot (without saying any expression).As a conclusion, the source text and target text both do not violate any maxims as the humor is created by a series of images from the first panel to the fourth panel.Kariage's friend was watching a video with high-quality pictures.He thought that it must be from the quality coming from the blue ray of the disk.Then, Kariage asked about the design of the disk, and his friend answered that the disk might send a sign with blue light.By mischief way, in the fourth panel, Kariage compared and generalized the system of blue rays of the disk to be similar to the system of traffic lights (red, yellow, and green).Kariage generalized the system of blue rays with the system of traffic lights through color similarity.The generalization is irrelevant because a video compact disk (VCD) with blue light is not the same as a traffic light.Both source text and target text were representing equal irrelevancy in terms of violation of the maxim of relevancy.They both discussing of the connectivity of light in any color.However, in the source culture, people notice that the Japanese adjective for blue and green is the same ( 青 あお い [aoi]) (see: https://cotoacademy.com/japanese-color-bluegreen-aoi-midori-青い-みどり/).Conditionally, this ambiguity could also create a humor effect as the concept of 青 あお い could be explored in many contexts (in this story between disk and traffic light).On the other hand, the ambiguity of the adjective is not clearly stated in the target text.The translator might include paraphrasing of 青 あお い[aoi] in the term of footnote for instance.As a result, the shifting of violation took place as the source text violate two maxims (relevance and manner) while the target text violates one maxim (relevance).In source culture, people will comprehend the meaning of kouchigari within Judo technique as minor inner reaping (see: https://judoinfo.com/kouchi/).The irrelevancy occurred when Kariage moved his foot to make the tile drop.Without any words, he moved his foot as if practicing the technique of kouchigari in Judo.By this technique, the opponent could fall as the foot is functioned as likely as bait.On this occasion, the source text of the people (in the fourth panel) is violating the maxim of relevancy (human vs roof tile).On the other hand, the target text could not represent the irrelevancy of kouchigari concept in two different contexts, unless the translator makes such a footnote of kouchigari description or short explanation within the speech balloon.The target text also shows a typo (typed: oouchigari).Hence, the target text does not violate any maxims compared to the source text.

Conclusion
Humor could be created by maxim violation of the cooperative principle of Grice.The author of Kariage Kun mostly used maxim violation to create humor, with co-interplay between image and text.Based on the findings and discussions of the study, only 21 expressions of 21 stories (from 235 stories) had shifted their pattern of maxim violation in the target text.The translator often considers maintaining the acceptability and readability aspect, and somehow relies on the image as it "talks more" than the text.The limited space of speech ballon also made the translation task to be challenging.However, the ambiguity by context with specific cultural load sometimes is not included in the target text.Therefore, for further translation projects on translating Japanese humor comics, this study recommends adding more footnotes, even glossaries on the additional page, containing a short description relating to the context to preserve the humor message of the source text, and also to enrich readers' knowledge in comprehending Japanese culture.

Appendices
nande mo aoirokou de shingou o okuru n da sou de」 <It seems to send a sign with blue (green) light> Target text (page 86) Kalau tak salah..cakramnya mengirimkan sinyal dalam sinar berwarna biru <If I'm not mistaken, the disk sends a sign with blue light> Discussion: