Prevalence of Intestinal Worm in Free Ranging Domestic Cats in Bali

The aims of this study were to identify and to measure the prevalence of intestinal worm infections in free-ranging domestic cats in Bali. As many as 133 cat fecal samples were collected from Bali and preserved in sodium acetic formaldehyde solution. Coproscopy method (sedimentation concentration and flotation techniques) was used to identify the eggs of helminthes. Based on fecal examination, eggs of four helminthes species : Toxocara, Ancylostoma, Cestoda and Capillaria were identified. This result indicates the prevalence of intestinal worms in free ranging domestic cats were high, consisting of Toxocara sp (71.43%), Ancylostoma sp (37.59%), Cestoda (19.55%) and Capillaria sp (0.75%). Therefore, it is needed to conduct programs to reduce and eradicate that helminthes.


INTRODUCTION
Stray cats are predators that highly susceptible to a variety of parasitic infections because they can go everywhere and become a sources of parasite (Loss et al., 2013;Borkataki et al., 2013).Parasites in cats can impact to their health and to human in the vicinity (Krecek et al., 2010;Subrata et al., 2015), Toxocara sp and Ancylostoma sp are known to cause larva migrans in human being (Overgaauw and Knapen, 2013;Wiwanitkit and Wiwanitkit, 2015).Therefore, public health education should be given to the pet owner and general public regarding the hazards of zoonotic diseases.Children are at most serious risk as they have the habit of playing with pet or even from the environment where cat feces may be present (Borkataki et al., 2013).
Many surveys regarding cat helminthes have been conducted in the world since long time ago.The data of helminthes prevalence in fecal cats reported in Republic of Korea was 82.2%.More than 29 helminthes species including adults or eggs were detected in visceral and fecal samples of the examined cats.A variety of Cestodes, including Spirometra erinacei, Taenia taeniaeformis and unidentified species of tapeworm were detected (Sohn and Chai, 2005).In Romania reported that the overall prevalence of endoparasites in household cats was 34.3% (Mircean et al., 2010), the data also reported in Lisbon that found intestinal parasites in 23/74 samples and identified as Toxocara cati, Isospora felis, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Dipylidium caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala and T. leonine (Duarte et al., 2010).In Japan was reported, 43.1% cats infected by internal parasites (Yamamoto et al., 2009).Studies of gastrointestinal parasites of cats in several parts of the countries have been limited to the stray cat population (Raji et al., 2013).The data about parasites in cats in part area of Bali have been reported, the prevalence of T. cati in cats in Denpasar have been reported 32.5% was household cats and 65% was stray cats, overall prevalence was 48,8% (Nealma et al., 2013).
Internal parasites can decrease endurance by absorbing essential nutrients and interfering with vital organs (Agustina, 2013), the worm infection can make cats more susceptible to various diseases (Carter, 2001;Ward, 2009).Gastrointestinal parasites constitute a major source of diseases for cats in the tropics, and have been recognized as important public health problems in several parts of the world (Raji et al., 2013).Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a research to identify and measure the prevalence of worm infected free ranging domestic cats in Bali.

RESEARCH METHODS
A total of 133 fecal samples collected from free ranging domestic cats in all around Bali, Indonesia (Denpasar, Badung, Tabanan, Bangli, and Klungkung Regency).Free range domestic cats caught by net and put in cage until defecation, during the periods cats given feed and ad libitum of water.Fecal samples were put in a tube and preserved in sodium acetic formaldehide solution (Marti and Escher, 1990).
Coproscopy method was used to identify the eggs of helminthes by sedimentation concentration and flotation techniques (Sohn and Chai, 2005;Glinz et al., 2010).All of the data were analyzed descriptively by using statistic program.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The prevalence of intestinal worm in free range domestic cats in Bali was presented im Table 1.The result showed that the prevalence of Toxocara sp in Bali was very high (71.43%),compare to other previous study; in Netherland was 2.9% (Overgaauw, 1997), 10% in USA (Al-Jabr et al., 1997), 39.9% in Poland (Luty, 2001) and 43% in Colombia (Echeverry et al., 2012).This result is in agreement with the research conducted in Denpasar, (Nealma et al., 2013) reported 60% stray cats infected by T. cati, in Iran Zibaei et al. (2007) reported 92.9% of stray cats infected by Toxocara sp.The prevalence of Toxocara sp in cats in Europe have been reported, Epe et al. (2004) detected T. cati eggs in 3.9% of feline fecal samples in Germany, while Barutzki and Schaper (2003) found Ascarids eggs in 6.4% of fecal samples.In Italy, Riggio et al. (2013) found T. cati in 22% and hookworm eggs in 1.2% of feline fecal samples.In Spain, Gracenea et al. (2009) (Zibaei et al., 2007).The prevalence of cat Cestodes in Japan reported Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (8.3%), D. caninum (1.4%), Taeniidae (0.2%) and D. nihonkaiense (0.1%) (Yamamoto et al., 2009).D. latum is a tapeworm that has a serious attention of public health because it is a zoonotic agent.Some previous studies reported that thus tapeworms were infecting humans (Revenga, 1993;Nicoulaud et al., 2005).
The prevalence of Capillaria sp in this study was 0.75%, that result was lower than in Romania which 3.4% in household cats (Micrcean et al., 2010) and in Italy was 1.2% (Riggio et al., 2013).Capillaria sp is a nematode parasite that usually found in the respiratory tract of foxes, dogs and various other carnivorous mammals (Magi et al., 2012;Lalosevic et al., 2013), but in other case, Bedard et al. (2002) reported that they found a Capillaria sp in the bladder of an adult cat.Most reports of C. aerophila in wildlife are simply parasite field surveys, and do not mention specific symptoms.However, the involvement of C. aerophila infestation and pneumonia, in addition to other parasites, in the death of an opossum has been reported (Saeed et al., 2006).

CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the prevalence of parasites in free range cats in Bali was high.The parasites that found in this study were Toxocara sp (71.43%),Ancylostoma sp (37.59%),Cestoda (19.55%) and Capillaria sp (0.75%).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many thanks to the Rector, Dean of The Faculty of Medicine and Dean of The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Udayana University who have supported this research.of feline fecal samples with distinct higher incidence in kittens.And in Romania T. cati were infected 20.3% of household cats (Micrcean et al., 2010).
This result indicates that free ranging cats worms are a serious warning for human health because T. cati is one of Toxocara species reported as a zoonotic agent (Fisher et al., 2003;Lee et al., 2010).In particular, Toxocara sp are the most frequently encountered species that are known agents of visceral larva migrants (VLM) in humans (Hendrix et al., 1996;Gerhold and Jessup, 2012;Overgaauw and Knapen, 2013).High parasitic loads or repeated infection can lead to VLM, which is primarily diagnosed in children, because they are prone to exposure and ingestion of infective eggs (Markell and Voge, 2006).Ocular larva migrants is rare compared with VLM.A light Toxocara burden is thought to induce a low immune response, allowing a larva to enter the host's eye (CDC, 2004).Transmission of Toxocara to humans is usually through ingestion of infective eggs.Toxocara can lay around 200,000 eggs per day.These eggs are passed in cat or dog feces, but the defecation habits of dogs cause T. canis transmission to be more common than that of T. cati (CDC, 2004;Markell and Voge, 2006).
The prevalence of Ancylostma sp in stray house cats in Bali was 37.59%.It was lower than in Brazil that was 94.2% identified three species; A. caninum (67.3%), A. braziliense (21.1%) and A. tubaeforme (9.6%) (Coelho et al., 2011) and the recent study reported 60.69% cats in Brazil were infected by Ancylostma sp (Ramos et al., 2013).But this prevalence higher than in Korea was 33% in feral cats (Sohn and Chai, 2005), in Romania was 10.1% in household cats (Micrcean et al., 2010) and in Colombia which was 7.4% in house cats (Echeverry et al., 2012), low prevalence of hookworm also reported in Spain (Gracenea et al., 2009) found A. tubaeforme eggs in 4% of feline fecal samples.Hookworm larvae that normally mature in the intestinal tracts of animals can cause cutaneous larva migrans in people.Zoonotic hookworms known to cause this condition include A. braziliense, A. caninum, A. ceylanicum, A. tubaeforme, Uncinaria stenocephala and Bunostomum phlebotomum.Other species of hookworms found in animals, including wildlife and captive exotics, might also be able to cause cutaneous larva migrants (Acha and Szyfres, 2003).

Table 1 .
found T. cati eggs in 22% Prevalence of intestinal worm in free range domestic cats in Bali