Antioxidant activity comparison of Purnajiwa fruit (Kopsia arborea Blume.) extracted using different solvents and methods
Abstract
The choice of extraction method can significantly influence the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of the obtained extracts. Purnajiwa (Kopsia arborea Blume.) is a potential medicinal plant that can be developed into traditional medicine. Purnajiwa has been the subject of several studies focusing on its phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity. This study was experimental research to compare the antioxidant activity (IC50) of purnajiwa extracted using two different methods (maceration and soxhlet) and solvents (ethanol and methanol). Data were analyzed statistically using one-way and two-way ANOVA to compare and evaluate the differences in the data with a 95% confidence level. Research showed that methanol and soxhlet produced extract with lower IC50 than ethanol. Additionally, using methanol solvent with the soxhlet method produced the lowest IC50, indicating the highest antioxidant activity compared to other groups. In conclusion, using methanol and soxhlet is the optimal method and solvent in purnajiwa extraction.
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References
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Bimakr, M., Rahman, R. A., Taip, F. S., Adzahan, N. M., Sarker, Z. I., & Ganjloo, A. (2012). Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Crude Oil From Winter Melon (Benincasa Hispida) Seed Using Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content and Fatty Acid Composition. Molecules, 17(10), 11748–11762. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171011748
Chen, X. D., Hu, J., Li, J. X., & Chi, F. S. (2020). Cytotoxic monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from the aerial part of Kopsia arborea. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 22(11), 1024–1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2019.1680646
Chuah, P. N., Nyanasegaram, D., Yu, K.-X., Razik, R. M., Al-Dhalli, S., Kue, C. S., Shaari, K., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Comparative Conventional Extraction Methods of Ethanolic Extracts of Clinacanthus Nutans Leaves on Antioxidant Activity and Toxicity. British Food Journal, 122(10), 3139–3149. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-02-2020-0085
Do, Q.-D., Angkawijaya, A. E., Tran‐Nguyen, P. L., Huynh, L. H., Soetaredjo, F. E., Ismadji, S., & Ju, Y. (2014). Effect of Extraction Solvent on Total Phenol Content, Total Flavonoid Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Limnophila Aromatica. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 22(3), 296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001
Dotulong, V., Wonggo, D., & Montolalau, L. A. (2018). Phytochemical Content, Total Phenols, and Antioxidant Activity of MangroveSonneratia albaYoung Leaf Through Different Extraction Methods and Solvents. International Journal of Chemtech Research, 11(11), 356–363. https://doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2018.111140
Enitan, A., Oduola, L. I., & Olorunyomi, O. A. (2021). Evaluation of Different Solvents for Extraction of Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of the Leaves of Acanthus Montanus (Nees) T. Anderson. Lekovite Sirovine, 41, 17–21. https://doi.org/10.5937/leksir2141017a
Gajić, I., Boskov, I. A., Žerajić, S., Marković, I., & Gajić, D. (2019). Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds From Black Locust (Robiniae Pseudoacaciae) Flowers and Comparison With Conventional Methods. Antioxidants, 8(8), 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080248
Ghasemzadeh, A., Jaafar, H. Z. E., Juraimi, A. S., & Tayebi-Meigooni, A. (2015). Comparative Evaluation of Different Extraction Techniques and Solvents for the Assay of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Hashemi Rice Bran. Molecules, 20(6), 10822–10838. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200610822
Hanaphi, R. M. (2023). The Bioactivity Potential of Acmella Paniculata Plant Extract in Antioxidant Activity by Two Different Extraction Methods. Scientific Research Journal, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20is.23254
Hop, N. Q., & Son, N. T. (2022). A comprehensive review on phytochemistry and pharmacology of genus Kopsia: monoterpene alkaloids - major secondary metabolites. RSC Advances, 12(30), 19171–19208. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01791a
Idowu, P. A., Ekemezie, L. C., & Olaiya, C. O. (2020). Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of ≪I>Lannea Egregia</I> Engl. &Amp; K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) Extracts and Chromatographic Fractions. Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics, 19(1), 348–363. https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v19i1.4
Iloki-Assanga, S. B., Lewis-Luján, L. M., Lara-Espinoza, C. L., Gil-Salido, A. A., Fernandez-Angulo, D., Rubio-Pino, J. L., & Haines, D. D. (2015). Solvent effects on phytochemical constituent profiles and antioxidant activities, using four different extraction formulations for analysis of Bucida buceras L. and Phoradendron californicum. BMC Research Notes, 8(1), 396. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1388-1
Inostroza, J., Troncoso, J., Mardones, C., & Vergara, C. (2018). Lignans in Olive Stones Discarded From the Oil Industry. Comparison of Three Extraction Methods Followed by HPLC-Dad-MS/MS and Antioxidant Capacity Determination. Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 63(2), 4001–4005. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-97072018000204001
Khodami, M., Mohamadi, N., & Goodarzi, M. (2015). Evaluation of the Antioxidant Capacity of the Various Extracts of Dracocephalum Apolychaetum. International Journal of Life Sciences, 9(5), 31–34. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12688
Kogure, N., Suzuki, Y., Wu, Y., Kitajima, M., Zhang, R., & Takayama, H. (2012). Chemical conversion of strychnine into kopsiyunnanine-I, a new hexacyclic indole alkaloid from Yunnan Kopsia arborea. Tetrahedron Letters, 53(48), 6523–6526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.078
Kumar, G., Prasad, K., & Ram, M. (2019). Antioxidant Activity and Production of Secondary Metabolites of Adult Plant and in Vitro Calli of Anodendron Paniculatum. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(3), 632–635. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i3.2132
Kumar, N., Ahmad, A. H., Gopal, A., Batra, M., Pant, D., & Srinivasu, M. (2023). A Study of Polyphenolic Compounds and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Trianthema Portulacastrum Linn. Extracts. Indian Journal of Animal Research, Of. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-5069
Maaiden, E. E., Bouzroud, S., Nasser, B., Moustaid, K., Mouttaqi, A. E., Ibourki, M., Boukcim, H., Hirich, A., Kouisni, L., & Kharrassi, Y. E. (2022). A Comparative Study Between Conventional and Advanced Extraction Techniques: Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Properties of Plant Extracts. Molecules, 27(7), 2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072074
Malik, T., Pandey, D. K., Roy, P., & Okram, A. (2016). Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antidiabetic Potential of Alpinia Galanga and Eryngium Foetidum Plants of Manipur (India). Pharmacognosy Journal, 8(5), 459–464. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2016.5.8
Montiel, D. G. (2023). Influence of the Extraction Method on the Polyphenolic Profile and the Antioxidant Activity of Psidium Guajava L. Leaf Extracts. Molecules, 29(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010085
Munir, N., Iqbal, A. S., Altaf, I., Bashir, R., Sharif, N., Saleem, F., & Naz, S. (2014). Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Two Endangered Plant Species ≪i>Atropa Belladonna</I> And ≪i>Matricaria Chamomilla</I> African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 11(5), 111. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i5.18
Nawaz, H., Akram, H., Ishaq, Q. H. M., Khalid, A., Zainab, B., & Mazhar, A. (2022). Polarity-Dependent Response of Phytochemical Extraction and Antioxidant Potential of Different Parts of Alcea Rosea. Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 12(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.5530/fra.2022.2.9
Nawaz, H., Aslam, M., & Muntaha, S. T. (2019). Effect of Solvent Polarity and Extraction Method on Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Corn Silk. Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 9(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.5530/fra.2019.1.2
Nowak, A., Florkowska, K., Zielonka-Brzezicka, J., Duchnik, W., Muzykiewicz, A., & Klimowicz, A. (2021). The Effects of Extraction Techniques on the Antioxidant Potential of Extracts of Different Parts of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L.). Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria, 20(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.17306/j.afs.0817
Purwanto, D., Bahri, S., & Ridhay, A. (2017). Antioxidant Activity Test of Purnajiwa (Kopsia arborea Blume.) Fruit Extract With Various Solvents. Kovalen Jurnal Riset Kimia, 3(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.22487/j24775398.2017.v3.i1.8230
Sánchez, E. S., García, S., & Heredia, N. (2010). Extracts of Edible and Medicinal Plants Damage Membranes Of Vibrio Cholerae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(20), 6888–6894. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.03052-09
Sasadara, M. M. V., & Wirawan, I. G. P. (2021). Effect of extraction solvent on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Bulung Sangu (Gracilaria sp.) Seaweed. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 712(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/712/1/012005
Shanmugapriya, K., Akanya, S., B, A. C., S, B. N., Pr, P., & Suganya. (2017). Phytochemical Screening of Artocarpus Hirsutus and Its Antimicrobial Potential. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 10(6), 298. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.17669
Sharma, D. K., Rs, D., & Kr, S. (2021). Phytochemical Screening and Characterization of Volatile Compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry From “Nephrolepis Exaltata.” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 93–98. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i7.41869
Taşkın, T., Guler, E., Şahin, T., & Bulut, G. (2020). Enzyme Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Different Extracts From Ruscus Aculeatus L. Acta Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 58(4), 497. https://doi.org/10.23893/1307-2080.aps.05828
Taşkın, T., Yilmaz, B., & Dogan, A. (2020). Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory and Calcium Oxalate Anti-Crystallization Activities of Equisetum Telmateia Ehrn. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 7(3), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.706514
Thavamoney, N., Sivanadian, L., Tee, L. H., Khoo, H. E., Prasad, K. N., & Kong, K. W. (2018). Extraction and Recovery of Phytochemical Components and Antioxidative Properties in Fruit Parts of Dacryodes Rostrata Influenced by Different Solvents. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55(7), 2523–2532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3170-6
Uddin, S. N. (2008). Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Trema Orientalis Linn: An Indigenous Medicinal Plant of Indian Subcontinent. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 8(4), 395–399. https://doi.org/10.3742/opem.2008.8.4.395
Warnis, M., Yulinda, T., & Maryanti, L. (2021). Comparison of the Antioxidant Activity of Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) Leaf Extract With the Soxhletation and Reflux Extraction Methods. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210415.062
Wong, S. K., Yeap, J. S. Y., Tan, C. H., Sim, K. S., Lim, S. H., Low, Y. Y., & Kam, T. S. (2021). Arbolodinines A−C, biologically-active aspidofractinine-aspidofractinine, aspidofractinine-strychnan, and kopsine-strychnan bisindole alkaloids from Kopsia arborea. Tetrahedron, 78, 131802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2020.131802
Apriliani, R. T., Wirawan, I. G. P., & Adiartayasa, W. (2020). Phytochemical Analysis And Antioxidant Activity Of Purnajiwa Fruit Extract (Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn. International Journal of Biosciences and Biotechnology, 8(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.24843/ijbb.2020.v08.i01.p04
Ariati, P. E. P., Sasadara, M. M. V., Wirawan, I. G. P., Sritamin, M., Suada, I. K., Wijaya, I. N., Dwiyani, R., Sudiarta, I. P., & Darmawati, I. A. P. (2022). Application of DNA Barcoding for authentication of Balinese traditional medicinal plant Purnajiwa (Kopsia arborea Blume. and Euchresta horsfieldii) (Lesch.) Benn. Bali Medical Journal, 11(3), 1681–1685. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v11i3.3815
Bimakr, M., Rahman, R. A., Taip, F. S., Adzahan, N. M., Sarker, Z. I., & Ganjloo, A. (2012). Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Crude Oil From Winter Melon (Benincasa Hispida) Seed Using Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content and Fatty Acid Composition. Molecules, 17(10), 11748–11762. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171011748
Chen, X. D., Hu, J., Li, J. X., & Chi, F. S. (2020). Cytotoxic monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from the aerial part of Kopsia arborea. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 22(11), 1024–1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2019.1680646
Chuah, P. N., Nyanasegaram, D., Yu, K.-X., Razik, R. M., Al-Dhalli, S., Kue, C. S., Shaari, K., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Comparative Conventional Extraction Methods of Ethanolic Extracts of Clinacanthus Nutans Leaves on Antioxidant Activity and Toxicity. British Food Journal, 122(10), 3139–3149. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-02-2020-0085
Do, Q.-D., Angkawijaya, A. E., Tran‐Nguyen, P. L., Huynh, L. H., Soetaredjo, F. E., Ismadji, S., & Ju, Y. (2014). Effect of Extraction Solvent on Total Phenol Content, Total Flavonoid Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Limnophila Aromatica. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 22(3), 296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001
Dotulong, V., Wonggo, D., & Montolalau, L. A. (2018). Phytochemical Content, Total Phenols, and Antioxidant Activity of MangroveSonneratia albaYoung Leaf Through Different Extraction Methods and Solvents. International Journal of Chemtech Research, 11(11), 356–363. https://doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2018.111140
Enitan, A., Oduola, L. I., & Olorunyomi, O. A. (2021). Evaluation of Different Solvents for Extraction of Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of the Leaves of Acanthus Montanus (Nees) T. Anderson. Lekovite Sirovine, 41, 17–21. https://doi.org/10.5937/leksir2141017a
Gajić, I., Boskov, I. A., Žerajić, S., Marković, I., & Gajić, D. (2019). Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds From Black Locust (Robiniae Pseudoacaciae) Flowers and Comparison With Conventional Methods. Antioxidants, 8(8), 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080248
Ghasemzadeh, A., Jaafar, H. Z. E., Juraimi, A. S., & Tayebi-Meigooni, A. (2015). Comparative Evaluation of Different Extraction Techniques and Solvents for the Assay of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Hashemi Rice Bran. Molecules, 20(6), 10822–10838. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200610822
Hanaphi, R. M. (2023). The Bioactivity Potential of Acmella Paniculata Plant Extract in Antioxidant Activity by Two Different Extraction Methods. Scientific Research Journal, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.24191/srj.v20is.23254
Hop, N. Q., & Son, N. T. (2022). A comprehensive review on phytochemistry and pharmacology of genus Kopsia: monoterpene alkaloids - major secondary metabolites. RSC Advances, 12(30), 19171–19208. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01791a
Idowu, P. A., Ekemezie, L. C., & Olaiya, C. O. (2020). Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of ≪I>Lannea Egregia</I> Engl. &Amp; K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) Extracts and Chromatographic Fractions. Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics, 19(1), 348–363. https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v19i1.4
Iloki-Assanga, S. B., Lewis-Luján, L. M., Lara-Espinoza, C. L., Gil-Salido, A. A., Fernandez-Angulo, D., Rubio-Pino, J. L., & Haines, D. D. (2015). Solvent effects on phytochemical constituent profiles and antioxidant activities, using four different extraction formulations for analysis of Bucida buceras L. and Phoradendron californicum. BMC Research Notes, 8(1), 396. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1388-1
Inostroza, J., Troncoso, J., Mardones, C., & Vergara, C. (2018). Lignans in Olive Stones Discarded From the Oil Industry. Comparison of Three Extraction Methods Followed by HPLC-Dad-MS/MS and Antioxidant Capacity Determination. Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 63(2), 4001–4005. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-97072018000204001
Khodami, M., Mohamadi, N., & Goodarzi, M. (2015). Evaluation of the Antioxidant Capacity of the Various Extracts of Dracocephalum Apolychaetum. International Journal of Life Sciences, 9(5), 31–34. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12688
Kogure, N., Suzuki, Y., Wu, Y., Kitajima, M., Zhang, R., & Takayama, H. (2012). Chemical conversion of strychnine into kopsiyunnanine-I, a new hexacyclic indole alkaloid from Yunnan Kopsia arborea. Tetrahedron Letters, 53(48), 6523–6526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.078
Kumar, G., Prasad, K., & Ram, M. (2019). Antioxidant Activity and Production of Secondary Metabolites of Adult Plant and in Vitro Calli of Anodendron Paniculatum. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(3), 632–635. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i3.2132
Kumar, N., Ahmad, A. H., Gopal, A., Batra, M., Pant, D., & Srinivasu, M. (2023). A Study of Polyphenolic Compounds and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Trianthema Portulacastrum Linn. Extracts. Indian Journal of Animal Research, Of. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-5069
Maaiden, E. E., Bouzroud, S., Nasser, B., Moustaid, K., Mouttaqi, A. E., Ibourki, M., Boukcim, H., Hirich, A., Kouisni, L., & Kharrassi, Y. E. (2022). A Comparative Study Between Conventional and Advanced Extraction Techniques: Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Properties of Plant Extracts. Molecules, 27(7), 2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072074
Malik, T., Pandey, D. K., Roy, P., & Okram, A. (2016). Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antidiabetic Potential of Alpinia Galanga and Eryngium Foetidum Plants of Manipur (India). Pharmacognosy Journal, 8(5), 459–464. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2016.5.8
Montiel, D. G. (2023). Influence of the Extraction Method on the Polyphenolic Profile and the Antioxidant Activity of Psidium Guajava L. Leaf Extracts. Molecules, 29(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010085
Munir, N., Iqbal, A. S., Altaf, I., Bashir, R., Sharif, N., Saleem, F., & Naz, S. (2014). Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Two Endangered Plant Species ≪i>Atropa Belladonna</I> And ≪i>Matricaria Chamomilla</I> African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 11(5), 111. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i5.18
Nawaz, H., Akram, H., Ishaq, Q. H. M., Khalid, A., Zainab, B., & Mazhar, A. (2022). Polarity-Dependent Response of Phytochemical Extraction and Antioxidant Potential of Different Parts of Alcea Rosea. Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 12(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.5530/fra.2022.2.9
Nawaz, H., Aslam, M., & Muntaha, S. T. (2019). Effect of Solvent Polarity and Extraction Method on Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Corn Silk. Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 9(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.5530/fra.2019.1.2
Nowak, A., Florkowska, K., Zielonka-Brzezicka, J., Duchnik, W., Muzykiewicz, A., & Klimowicz, A. (2021). The Effects of Extraction Techniques on the Antioxidant Potential of Extracts of Different Parts of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum L.). Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria, 20(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.17306/j.afs.0817
Purwanto, D., Bahri, S., & Ridhay, A. (2017). Antioxidant Activity Test of Purnajiwa (Kopsia arborea Blume.) Fruit Extract With Various Solvents. Kovalen Jurnal Riset Kimia, 3(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.22487/j24775398.2017.v3.i1.8230
Sánchez, E. S., García, S., & Heredia, N. (2010). Extracts of Edible and Medicinal Plants Damage Membranes Of Vibrio Cholerae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(20), 6888–6894. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.03052-09
Sasadara, M. M. V., & Wirawan, I. G. P. (2021). Effect of extraction solvent on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Bulung Sangu (Gracilaria sp.) Seaweed. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 712(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/712/1/012005
Shanmugapriya, K., Akanya, S., B, A. C., S, B. N., Pr, P., & Suganya. (2017). Phytochemical Screening of Artocarpus Hirsutus and Its Antimicrobial Potential. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 10(6), 298. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.17669
Sharma, D. K., Rs, D., & Kr, S. (2021). Phytochemical Screening and Characterization of Volatile Compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry From “Nephrolepis Exaltata.” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 93–98. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i7.41869
Taşkın, T., Guler, E., Şahin, T., & Bulut, G. (2020). Enzyme Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Different Extracts From Ruscus Aculeatus L. Acta Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 58(4), 497. https://doi.org/10.23893/1307-2080.aps.05828
Taşkın, T., Yilmaz, B., & Dogan, A. (2020). Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory and Calcium Oxalate Anti-Crystallization Activities of Equisetum Telmateia Ehrn. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 7(3), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.706514
Thavamoney, N., Sivanadian, L., Tee, L. H., Khoo, H. E., Prasad, K. N., & Kong, K. W. (2018). Extraction and Recovery of Phytochemical Components and Antioxidative Properties in Fruit Parts of Dacryodes Rostrata Influenced by Different Solvents. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55(7), 2523–2532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3170-6
Uddin, S. N. (2008). Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Trema Orientalis Linn: An Indigenous Medicinal Plant of Indian Subcontinent. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 8(4), 395–399. https://doi.org/10.3742/opem.2008.8.4.395
Warnis, M., Yulinda, T., & Maryanti, L. (2021). Comparison of the Antioxidant Activity of Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) Leaf Extract With the Soxhletation and Reflux Extraction Methods. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210415.062
Wong, S. K., Yeap, J. S. Y., Tan, C. H., Sim, K. S., Lim, S. H., Low, Y. Y., & Kam, T. S. (2021). Arbolodinines A−C, biologically-active aspidofractinine-aspidofractinine, aspidofractinine-strychnan, and kopsine-strychnan bisindole alkaloids from Kopsia arborea. Tetrahedron, 78, 131802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2020.131802
Published
2025-01-24
How to Cite
SASADARA, Maria Malida Vernandes.
Antioxidant activity comparison of Purnajiwa fruit (Kopsia arborea Blume.) extracted using different solvents and methods.
International Journal of Biosciences and Biotechnology, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 1, p. 15-21, jan. 2025.
ISSN 2655-9994.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jbb/article/view/118084>. Date accessed: 30 jan. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/IJBB.2024.v12.i01.p02.
Section
Articles
