Can Renewed Tensions of Tourist Areas Be Resolved? The Key Issue of Stakeholders’ Alignment
Abstract
Tensions in tourist areas (over-visiting, waste management, traffic jams, conflicts of use, etc.) raise fundamental questions about sustainable development, the distribution of wealth, social justice, cultural identity and inclusion. Paradoxically, few decisions are taken to resolve these tensions, despite the dissatisfaction of all tourism stakeholders. The aim of this study is to help resolve the tensions in tourism areas by identifying a global method for aligning stakeholders. We conducted 72 interviews with all the tourism stakeholders in two very different tourist areas (Brittany and Bali) and used the concepts of sustainable tourism, stakeholders and strategic alignment. The results show that (1) the stakeholders, whether in favour of tourism development or not, all agree on the need to resolve the tensions in the tourist areas; (2) the obstacles and levers of the stakeholders play a decisive role in their commitment to collectively resolving the tensions in the tourist areas; (3) the existing data on tourist numbers are the subject of debate among the stakeholders and slow down the commitment to concrete action. Our conclusions are encouraging, since tensions in tourist areas constitute a problem like any other, which makes it possible to envisage a global methodology for aligning stakeholders. However, the subject of tourist numbers remains a stumbling block in the project to resolve tourism tensions in these areas. Three avenues of research are proposed to help overcome this dead end: integrating the notion of perceived value into measures of tourist numbers in tourist areas, mobilising participatory science to increase the potential of measures of tourist numbers, and adapting the technological acceptance model to tourist numbers.
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References
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Sautter, E. T., & Leisen, B. (1999). Managing stakeholders a tourism planning model. Annals of tourism research, 26(2), 312-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00097-8
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Barnard, C.I. (1995), The significance of decisive behaviour in social action: notes on the nature of decision, Journal of Management History, Vol. 1 No. 4, pp. 28-87
Bellato, L., Frantzeskaki, N., & Nygaard, C. A. (2023). Regenerative tourism: a conceptual framework leveraging theory and practice. Tourism Geographies, 25(4), 1026-1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2022.2044376
Byrd, E. T. (2007). Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development. Tourism review, 62(2), 6-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/16605370780000309
Chase, L. C., Phillips, R. G., & Amsden, B. (2023). Stakeholder engagement in tourism planning and development. In Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research II: Enhancing the Lives of Tourists, Residents of Host Communities and Service Providers (pp. 317-333). Cham: Springer International Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31513-8_22
Coch L., French J. R. P. Overcoming resistance to change, Human Relations, vol. 1, n° 4.
Crozier, M., & Friedberg, E. (1977). L'acteur et le système.
Doxey, G. V. (1975, September). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritants: Methodology and research inferences. In Travel and tourism research associations 6th annual conference proceedings (Vol. 3, pp. 195-198).
Davis, F.D, Bagozzi, R.P., Warshaw, P.R. (1989, August). User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models, Management Science, Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences, vol. 35, no 8, p. 982-1003 (ISSN 0025-1909 et 1526-5501, OCLC 01641131, DOI 10.1287/MNSC.35.8.982) http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.8.982
Freeman, R. E., & Reed, D. L. (1983). Stockholders and Stakeholders: A New Perspective on Corporate Governance, California Management Review, 25(3), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165018
Friedman M., (13 septembre 1970), «The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits, The New York Times Magazine, New York. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/13/archives/a-friedman-doctrine-the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to.html
Holt, D. T. (2008). Official statistics, public policy and public trust. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, 171(2), 323-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985X.2007.00523.x
Hu, R., Li, G., Liu, A., & Chen, J. L. (2024). Emerging research trends on residents’ quality of life in the context of tourism development. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 48(1), 131-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10963480221081382
Kishan K.D., Joshi B.R., (2023, June). Community Collaboration with Tourism Stakeholders: Issues and Challenges to Promote Sustainable Community Development in Annapurna Sanctuary Trail, Nepal, Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology ; 8(6): 146-154. DOI: 10.36348/sjet.2023.v08i06.004
Mahendru, M., Arora, V., Chatterjee, R., Sharma, G. D., & Shahzadi, I. (2024). From over-tourism to under-tourism via COVID-19: Lessons for sustainable tourism management. Evaluation Review, 48(1), 177-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841X231189805
Mays, N., & Pope, C. (1995). Qualitative research: rigour and qualitative research. British Medical Journal, 311(6997), 109-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.6997.109
McCabe, S., Li, C. (Spring), & Chen, Z. (2016). Time for a Radical Reappraisal of Tourist Decision Making? Toward a New Conceptual Model. Journal of Travel Research, 55(1), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287515592973
Miles M.B., Huberlan, A.M. (2003), Analyse des données qualitatives : Méthodes en sciences humaines, De Boeck, Brussels.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. 3rd.
Miller, G., & Torres-Delgado, A. (2023). Measuring sustainable tourism: a state of the art review of sustainable tourism indicators. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2023.2213859
Muzy J. et J-M Furt (2022), la gouvernance des organismes de gestion de sites, une approche par la théorie des parties prenantes, 9e Conférence de l’Association Française de MAnagement du Tourisme (AFMAT), Angers, 13 et 14 mai.
Nguyen, H. V., Lee, D., & Warren, C. (2023). A comparison of stakeholder perspectives of tourism development in Sapa, Vietnam. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 23(1), 17-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14673584221075179
Petr C. et P. Caudan (2023), Measuring tourist attendance on islands and distinguishing tourist vs. excursionist audiences: Contributions of a stakeholder theory approach. 10e Conférence de l’Association Française de MAnagement du Tourisme (AFMAT), Association Française de MAnagement du Tourisme, May 2023, Girona, Spain. ffhal-04129505f
https://hal.science/hal-04129505/document
Petr C., P. Caudan et L. Damak (2023), Quel potentiel des sciences participatives digitales pour mesurer la fréquentation touristique d’un territoire ? Proposition d’une étude via un test sur les territoires insulaires et littoraux. Tourisme et transition. 12e édition du colloque international pluridisciplinaire, AsTRES, Nov 2023, Tahiti, France. ffhal-0434522
https://hal.science/hal-04345221
Petr C., l. Gueho et T. Gambet (2023), Regional preference or chauvinism in data? Experimental study of the impact of territorialization argument on consent to share and reuse data, 22th International Marketing Trends Congress (IMTC), 20-22 Janvier 2023, Paris. https://archives.marketing-trends-congress.com/2023/pages/PDF/201.pdf
Pratt, S., & Tolkach, D. (2018). The politics of tourism statistics. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(3), 299-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2181
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Ramakrishna, S., Hall, C. M., Esfandiar, K., & Seyfi, S. (2023). A systematic scoping review of sustainable tourism indicators in relation to the sustainable development goals. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(7), 1497-1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1775621
Rivière, A., & Mencarelli, R. (2012). Vers une clarification théorique de la notion de valeur perçue en marketing. Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition), 27(3), 97-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/076737011202700305
Roodbari, H., & Olya, H. (2024). An integrative framework to evaluate impacts of complex tourism change initiatives. Tourism Management, 100, 104829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104829
Sautter, E. T., & Leisen, B. (1999). Managing stakeholders a tourism planning model. Annals of tourism research, 26(2), 312-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00097-8
Savoie-Zajc, L. (2006). Comment peut-on construire un échantillonnage scientifiquement valide. Recherches qualitatives, 5(2006), 99-111.
Simon, H.A. (1960). The new science of management decision. Reprinted in: D.S. Pugh (1971) (ed.). Organization theory: Selected readings (pp. 189–218). Middlesex, England: Pen-guin Books.Simon, H.A. (1977). The new science of management decision. Englewood Clis: Prentice-Hall
Swanson, A., Kosmala, M., Lintott, C., Packer, C. (2016). A generalized approach for producing, quantifying, and validating citizen science data from wildlife images: Citizen Science Data Quality. Conservation Biology. 30. 10.1111/cobi.12695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12695
Tversky, A., & Shafir, E. (1992). Choice under Conflict: The Dynamics of Deferred Decision. Psychological Science, 3(6), 358-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00047.x
UNWTO (2016), Tourisme de Développement Durable, https://www.unwto.org/fr/sustainable-development
UNWT (2018) Centre of Expertise Leisure, Tourism & Hospitality; NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences; and NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences (eds., 2018), ‘Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions, UNWTO, Madrid, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284419999
Vernette E., Giannelloni J.-L. (2001), Etudes de marché, Paris, Vuibert
Vohland, K., Land-Zandstra, A., Ceccaroni, L., Lemmens, R., Perelló, J., Ponti, M., ... & Wagenknecht, K. (2021). The science of citizen science (p. 529). Springer Nature.
Vroom, V.H., Yetton, P. W. (1973). Leadership and Decision-Making. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-3266-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2392210
Published
2024-03-30
How to Cite
CAUDAN, Paul.
Can Renewed Tensions of Tourist Areas Be Resolved? The Key Issue of Stakeholders’ Alignment.
E-Journal of Tourism, [S.l.], p. 1-17, mar. 2024.
ISSN 2407-392X.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot/article/view/114483>. Date accessed: 15 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24922/eot.v11i1.114483.
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