Does Motivation and Trust Important for Tourists ’ Loyalties ? A Quantitative Perspective from Golf Tourism in Bali of Indonesia

Golf is one of several sport tourist attractions that are increasingly demanding by domestic and foreign tourists during their visit to Bali. Unlike the others type of tourist attractions, golf tourism could be classified as a quality attraction. Tourists who play golf spend more money than other sport activities. Refers to this fact, golf tourism could be an alternative to realizing the establishment of quality tourism in Bali. This work aims to study the significance of the determinants of tourists' satisfaction as well as their loyalty in visiting Bali as a destination that offers golf attractions. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation from golfers are positioned as the antecedent of the level of satisfaction with their trust to the golf providers acts as the mediation of the causal relationship occured. Using 5-scale Likert questionnaire, the opinions of 113 foreign tourists who played golf in Bali were used to examine the structural equation models that were built. The results of the analysis show that both types of motivation have positive influences on tourist trust in golf operators, and through the trust mediation, these motivations positively influence the level of tourist loyalties. The results of the analysis also showed that tourists‟ trust to the golf operators had a significant effect on tourist loyalty. The main findings of this research conclude the vital role of tourists‟ trust to the golf operators in Bali in increasing their loyalty to play golf while visiting Bali.


Background
Tourism along with the agricultural sector, is the main pillar for the economic growth of Bali Province.In the year 2015 the number of foreign tourist visited to Bali was recorded 4,001,835 people, in 2016 amounted to 4,927,937 people, and in 2017 increased to 5,697,739 people (Bali Provincial Tourism Office, 2018).Afghanistan.In addition, the data also show that the spending of golfers are higher than other tourists.Refers to Mr.
George Chandra, CEO of The Royale Jakarta Golf Club, foreign tourists that playing golf while their visit to Indonesia generally spend USD 5,000-6,000; or around 5 to 6 times greater than "ordinary" tourists that were recorded as much as USD 1,190 (Tourism Ministry of Indonesia, 2015).Those facts show the potential of golf tourism to develop and to establish in Bali, to shift the development agenda from mass tourism towards quality tourism.

Research Objectives
Various marketing theories believe motivation is an important antecedent in determining consumer decisions to buy the goods and/or services.In this work, outcome (Ryan & Deci, 2000).Regarding the rise of electronic marketing on products/services offered in tourism businesses, the trust amongs participant (producers as well consumers) become an important part of marketing strategies.

METHODOLOGY
The

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Quality of Instrument      The greater the R 2 , the more power of exogenous constructs in describing the endogenous one.Table 4 shows the result of the inner model by applying bootstraping technique in SmartPLS 3.

Discussion
From table 4, it is clear that both Based e-ISSN: 2407-392X.p-ISSN: 2541-0857 on these data, Bali Province has a very strategic position in the development of Indonesian tourism.The rapid development of Bali tourism is inseparable from the dynamics of the external environment, namely: (a) the increased awareness of quality tourism; (b) the better arrangement of national tourism with the establishment of three categories of tourism products; and (c) the increasing new tourism destinations.These conditions signal Bali to start abandon the tourism development paradigm or strategy that is only focused for increasing the number of tourist tourists alone (mass tourism), but dare to turn to a quality tourism development strategy (quality tourism).According to International Association of Golf Tour Operators (IAGTO), in the year 2012 the value of worldwide golf business is around USD 20 billions (IAGTO, 2013) and become a driving force for the rapid growth of golf tourism in various countries such as Kazakhstan, Nicaragua, Myanmar, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are positioned as the antecedents of tourists' interest in playing golf while in Bali.As a consequence, the tourists" loyalty to revisit Bali was examined.The causal relationship is built between antecedent and consequent variables, and tourists" trust on golf operator is placed as the mediator variable.Specifically, interpreted motivation as "… to be moved to do something.".This definition implies that one person with no motive to acts for doing something will be categorized as an unmotivated person.Mill & Morrison (1998) argued motivation arise when people wants to satisfy his/her need.In general, according toMoutinho (1987), motivation is a driving force to assure a person get satisfaction based on his/her action.Some literatures, for exampleRyan & Deci (2000),Bénabou & Tirole (2003),Reinholdt (2007), Yoo, Han and Huang (2012); differentiate the motivation into two types, i.e. intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation.According to Ryan and Deci (2000), the motivation should be viewed from two perspectives, namely (a) the level of motivation, and (b) the orientation of motivation.The level of motivation refers to "how much" of motivation arise in doing certain activity, whilest the orientation points to the "type" of motivation directs one in doing an activity.Both authors, in 1985 introduced the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to differentiate type of motivation that responsible for doing an activity based on reasons or goals.They introduced the intrinsic motivation which is refers to the enjoyable or attractiveness of an activity to be experienced, and the extrinsic motivation which refers to doing activity because the actors hope to get separable Figure 1.The Operational Model of the Work participate on our work.However, five data were not eligible to analyze because of incomplete response.The remaining data (a hundred and eight data) were further analyzed.Descriptively, the gender of participant is dominated by male golfers (85 per cent), belong to 26-55 years group (59 per cent), and 31 per cent stated their main job are professional e-ISSN: 2407-392X.p-ISSN: 2541-0857 workers/manager in their own country.Most of them (81 per cent) can be classified as the repeater guests by noting the number of their visit to Bali more than two times, even more than a half of them have been visited Bali at least five times including current visit.From these viewpoints, it can be concluded tourists who enjoyed to play golf while visiting Bali are the loyal tourists, are grouped in the middle ages with middle to upper income level.In addition, their main motives to visit Bali is for holiday or recreation (57 per cent), than playing golf in the second position (7 per cent).The main reason they come to Bali either for vacation or playing golf is the famous of Balinese arts and culture.The interesting point is the option that visiting Bali because of its (cheap) price takes place at the last reason; it was chosen by 2 participants (1,6 per cent).This fact is a positive indicator to say golf tourism is a proper choice to shift the mass tourism development into quality tourism.The Measurement Model Basically, PLS-SEM consists of two sub-models, i.e.(a) the measurement or outer model, and (b) the structural or inner model.Many references regarding SEM recommend to elaborate each of these sub-model, respcetively, before inferences were made (Hair, Hult, Ringle, characterized by all of items is depended on their respective construct, the researcher has to check the average variance extracted (AVE) and the composite reliability (CR) values.Both values represent the internal consistency as well the convergence of a construct.Refering Hair et al. (2014), to assure a construct has sufficient internal consistency, the CR have to ≥ 0.708; and construct"s convergence is achieved when the AVE ≥ 0.50 (Peng & Lai, 2012).For formative relationship, the researcher has to show the path coefficient(s) from the item(s) to the respective construct is significant.Guiding by the threshold values for the AVE and the CR, we examine the measurement model with the result is showed on

For
extrinsic motivation, tourists explain they love to play golf at new golf resort (EXT01) and they are anthusiast to play golf in Bali as a favourite destination around the world (EXT02).Furthermore, their trust to golf operators qualify in managing the golf course (TRU04) and their willingness to recommend to their friends or relatives playing golf in Bali (LOY04) are the items with the greatest outer loading for each of respective construct.Based on the measurement model, we conclude that all of the e-ISSN: 2407-392X.p-ISSN: 2541-0857 contructs or latent variables in the model are worth to analysis their causal relationship in the inner sub-model.
endogenous constructs have been weak described by their exogenous.Despite of this fact, the causal relationship amongst exogenous and endogenous constructs gives some important points.First, both motivations have significant effects on trust.Intrinsic as well extrinsic motivation of tourists to play golf while visiting Bali is significantly affects their trust to the golf operators.The more their motives, the more their trust to the operators.From this finding, we can not reject the hypotheses H1 and H2 that are stated the intrinsic motivation of players (H1) as well their extrinsic motivation (H2) affect positively their trust to golf operators in five golf courses in Bali.Secondly, the effect from the intrinsic motivation is slightly greater than the extrinsic motivation.This finding is inline with the work by Yoo, Han and Huang (2012) whom studied intrinsic and extrinsic motivators in promoting elearning.They found intrinsic motivators (effort, attitude, and anxiety) affected the intention to use e-learning more strongly than as an antecedent of trust is conducted by Akhlaq and Ahmed (2013) whom studied the effect of motivation on trust.By setting their work on trust in the acceptance of internet banking in Pakistan, both authors argued only intrinsic motivation is responsible to affect users" analysis (2018) e-ISSN: 2407-392X.p-ISSN: 2541-0857 Third, tourists" trust to golf operators significantly affect their loyalty.The more tourists" trust to the operators, the more their level of loyalties.This loyalty is mostly reflects to the willingness to recommend for playing golf in Bali (LOY04) with path coefficient as much as 0.858, than follows by the willingness to promote Bali as a golf destination (LOY02) with path coefficient equal to 0.848.Similar research conducted by Čater & Čater (2009) also confirmed the effect of trust on customers" loyalty.They found the trust to professional service providers is directly influenced the affective commitment, and in turn will gives positive effect on customer loyalties.Other research that supports our work is conducted by Sarwar, Abbasi, & Pervaiz (2012).The authors studied the effect of customers" trust on customer loyalty as well and customer retention in cellular operators in Pakistan.They found customers" trust to the cellular operators had positive and significant effect on their loyalties to the companies, with the effect is equal to 0.559.Considering these two researches, we argue that the visitors" trust to golf operators in Bali is very important to create their loyalties to revisit Bali.Finally, both motivations did not show significantly direct influence on tourists" loyalty to play golf while visiting Bali.Both path coefficients from intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to tourists" loyalty as much as 0.177 and 0.004, respectively, did not prove statistically significant.However, by the mediation effect of their trust to the operators, the total effect of intrinsic motivation become significant with the path value increased to 0.232.Noting the golf resort has beautiful sceneries (INT04) as the dominant reflection of tourists" intrinsic motivation, and their trust that the operators qualified in managing the golf course (TRU04) as the dominant mediator, it can be understood the signicance effect of intrinsic motives to their loyalties.CONCLUSSION Conclussion Regarding this work that aimed to study the causal relationship amongst motivation of foreign tourists playing golf while their visit to Bali, their trust to golf opetrators, as well their loyalties, several points can be concluded: 1. Descriptively, the primary motive of foreign tourists to visit Bali is for holiday or recreation and their main reason to come is experienced the famous of Balinese arts and culture as well as to play golf.Noting that price is the least consideration for their coming, than golf tourism is a proper choice to shift the mass http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot100 e-ISSN: 2407-392X.p-ISSN: 2541-0857 tourism development in Bali into quality tourism; 2. The intrinsic motivation of tourists playing golf in Bali is dominated by the desire to enjoy the beautiful sceneries of the golf course, and the extrinsic motivation of tourists playing golf in Bali is dominated their desires to play at new golf resort and the reputation of Bali as a famous tourist destination.In additon, both motivations have direct influence toward tourists" trust to the golf operators.Their trust that the operators qualified in managing the golf course as well as their capabilities to provide safety & security during playing golf is the keys of the trust in golf tourism in Bali; and 3. Noting tourists' trust is the main determinant of the structural equation model developed in this study, the efforts to maintain and increase their trust to the golf operators are vital so that the level of their loyalty to play golf in

Table 2 .
The result of measurement model

Table 3 .
The result of final measurement model