The Development System of Linguistic Experience on The Debate Text of Presidential Candidate of The Republic of Indonesia 2014 – 2019 1

The presidential candidate debate text development system is a sort of linguistic experience elements reflecting the speaker's way of thinking related to the policies of the nation and state. The text development might indicate the policy intended by a presidential candidate to build the nation and state. Based upon this, there are three factors behind the selection of this topic to research; namely, empirical, practical, and theoretical factors. This study is conducted aimed at describing various issues concerning the development of the linguistic experience of the two presidential candidates in improving the national and international welfare and international politics-national resilience. Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) theory initiated by Halliday (1985,1991, 2004, 2014) is used as the grounded theory in this study. This study employs qualitative descriptive approach with linguistic phenomenological paradigm. Various data types analyzed in this study include words, phrases, clauses, group phrases, and text units. The data use taken from the recorded of audio-visual Candidate Debate Text (CDT) in stage I and II. The research instruments used in this study are text validation tables and contexts. Along with some advanced techniques, documentation and observation were conducted to collect the data. Meanwhile, in processing the data collected, this study passed several stages; namely, data classification, segmentation, and codification. To analyze the data processed, this study employed several stages namely reduction, presentation, and verification. The results of this study show that Prabowo Subianto (PS) tended to use dynamic linear text development pattern, whereas Joko Widodo (JW) tended to use a constant linear text development pattern.


Introduction
The presidential candidate debate is part of a set of presidential election activities in a country. The presidential candidate debate is a mandatory activity undertaken by countries holding the presidential democratic system. Debate is aimed at introducing, socializing, and giving political education to all parties involved in it. However, in some countries in the world, the political debate his actually taken place less conducive, due to various political interests. For example, presidential debate from Democrat party presidential candidate, Hillary Clinton debating with Republican presidential candidate, Donald Trump, in 2016 argued against taxation policies (Bhattarai et al. 2018), presidential political turmoil in Lebanon (Potter, 2016 ), the community conflict in the election of the governor of the province of Lagos, Negria (Ajilore, 2015), President Buhari's political speech in response to the parliamentary chaos in Nigeria (Koussouhon & Dossoumou, 2015), and various political issues of presidential elections in the United States including race, group or community, handling immigrants, and so forth (Benoit & Airne, 2005). Various examples of such political issues also exist in some areas in Asia including in Indonesia. The presidential debate in Indonesia usually raises various issues essentially consisting of three main factors, namely empirical, practical, and theoretical phenomena.
The empirical phenomena attracting attention in organizing presidential debate in 2014 were the social attitude of the language of the presidential candidates, the involvement of the media in the process of winning the presidential candidate, and the political and social conditions of the society. Various linguistic contents of the presidential candidate which are persuasive and euphemism precisely raise an attitude of excessive fanaticism in society. As a result, Indonesian society are divided into pros and cons coalition. The same thing happens to the smallest community in society, namely family life (household). The family members split into two group due to different attitudes towards and perceptions of the presidential candidates. Academicians as well as political observers, Purba (Okezone, 23/3/14) describes thes phenomena in the national media news headline entitled "Warring with Your Own Brother" which essentially alludes to horizontal conflicts of Indonesian society due to the influence of the presidential election in 2014. The involvement of media in playing political issues to favor or weaken one of the presidential candidates further aggravated the 2014 presidential site. The media tended to intervene and lead to voter perceptions through political languages. Eriyanto (2012: 32) claims that the media is only dominated by dominant groups and become a means of discrediting other groups.
Practical phenomenon in organizing presidential debate in 2014 that attracts the attention of researcher is the language practice of the presidential candidates, the procedure of debate, and the mechanism of debate broadcast on the television. Both candidates' language strategies tend to leverage personal experiences to build a nation. The contents of the debate of the presidential candidates were largely sourced from survey evidence according to their own expert team without any comparison, so it could lead to the subjective claims. The activities of the presidential debate were held by the General Election Commission (GEC) directly supervised by the Election Supervisory Board. Broadcasting the presidential debate must be guarded by the public. In this case, the researcher is obliged to monitor and analyze, the mechanism of organizing the event funded by the state. The researcher's attitude controlled the debate show based on article 17 paragraph 2 of the ACC No. 40 of 1999 impressing on public participation in overseeing media broadcasts, the printed andelectronic.
The theoretical phenomenon that encourages the researcher to analyze the presidential debate 2014 is the scheme of linguistic experience and the lack of some related previous research. Halliday (2014: 13) states in the study of Systemic Functional Linguistic, that linguistic experience which stems from non-linguistic experiences communicated by participants is called a text. The existence of the text cannot be interpreted without the presence of context. Therefore, linguistic experience in the study of Systematic Functional Linguistics is constructed from the text and its context with elements of analysis including: type, scope, value, and orientation.
Based upon this, these recent years research on the study of texts and contexts based on Systematic Functional Linguistics Theory (SFLT) conducted: Bhattarai, et.al. (2015), Potter (2016, Ajilore (2015), Koussouhon & Dossoumou (2015), and Benoit & Airne (2005) are the five studies leaving gaps that have not been discovered previously, namely the debate scheme that contains the level -dominance and the range or reach of clauses of language based on the study of Systematic Functional Linguistics Theory.
The fifth methodological concept of the aforementioned research mostly refers to concept of Firth which is claimed as the most influential concept in Europe. Firth idea is dominantly influenced by some structural linguistic theories of Saussure, Hjemslev, Malinowski, and the ideology of Prague (Sinar, 2012: 14). Firth's view seeks to look at the language in its use and its functions on the basis of the various systems in the language. This is the one developed by the Pragueists who see that the function of language is derived from interrelated forms, systems (structures), mutual determination, and stratification (Young, 2011: 625).
The novelty of this research is to analyze the scheme and range of the utterances delivered by both candidates in presidential debate based on the transitivity system which includes text analysis in the form of process, participants, and circumcision. The three units of analysis of transitivity systems have analytical elements such as: (1) the process including material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential analysis; (2) participants including the main participants (participants I and II) and other participants, 3) Circumstance including time and place extent, location of time and place, way, contingency, cause, angle, matter, and source. The overall analysis of the transitivity system is presented based on the analytical tools that have the nature of the process of highlow realization, the nature of single and plural participants, inclusive and exclusive. The context analysis is used to investigate ideological motives in the text of the presidential debate based on the cultural and situational context.
The expected result of this study is to obtain the schematic and range of clauses of the utterance from the linguistic presentation system of presidential candidates, namely, Prabowo Subianto (PB) and Joko Widodo (JW) on the text of the presidential debate of the Republic of Indonesia 2014 -2019. Based upon this, the exposure of the linguistic experience is aimed at describing the transitivity system which includes analysis of processes, participants, circumstances, and the range or reach of the three elements of systemic analysis. The use of range on process, participant, and circumstance analysis can represent the focus and direction of the policies of both candidates.
Based on the above empirical, practical, and theoretical phenomena, this study becomes very interesting to conduct using on the theory of Systematic Functional Linguistics. The researcher analyzed the function of linguistic experience exposure. Analyzed the ideological contents based on the social context of the text. The current research presence is intended to explore and map the scheme and content of the 2014 presidential debate text. In addition, the study of the text of political debate based on Systematic Functional Linguistics Theory has never been conducted by any previous researchers so this study is expected to be one of the analytical formulas and additional variations to the method of discourse investigation, especially to oral text, such as the text of the presidential debate.

Research Method
The research approach used in this study is qualitative research design aimed at describing and analyzing transitivity system, situational context, and cultural context. Hence, detailed understanding of the scheme and range of discussion of the two candidates during the debate can be obtained.
The data in the form of oral data were transcribed wholly so that the data in the form words, phrases, group phrases, clauses, and text units could be obtained. ACC the data come from the utterances of the candidates during the debate. Data transcripts or CDT 2014 serve as the primary data of research because the data were obtained by the researcher directly from the data source, while the secondary data are in the form of supporting data obtained from written text or library.
The data source in this study was adobted from the audio-visual tape (video) of 2014 presidential debate broadcast through television. The debate video was divided into five rounds, namely, the first round of presidential was stage and vice-presidential debate, the second round was the first stage of the debate, the third round of the second stage of the debate, the fourth round was the first stage of the debate, and the fifth round was stage the presidential and vicepresidential debate.
The research instrument was divided into two; namely, the main and supporting instruments.
The main instrument in this study is the researcher himself as human resource in the study. In this case the researcher used a validation instrument in the form of a functional validation table to observe the systematic functioning of every text forming element, such as words, phrases, groups, and clauses. Furthermore, supporting instruments are more in the form of supporting equipment in searching, collecting, determining, and analyzing data.
This research enploxed to descriptive method because the data were collected qualitatively by describing the language scheme and the subject of presidential talk on debate text of 2014. To describe text units and context in 2014 presidential debate text, several data collection techniques were used; namely, documentation and observation techniques. The method of analysis used by the researcher was inductive method, meaning that the way of thinking in this study departs from the rules that are specific to determine the general principle. The analytical technique used was qualitative technique because the collected data were processed and analyzed descriptively. Miles and Huberman (1992: 16) propose an interactive and comprehensive step of analysis covering the steps of data reduction, presentation, and verification.
In this research the data are presented using formal and informal methode. The informal method is intended to present all forms of speech in the form of numbers and descriptions of words, phrases, group phrases, clauses, units of text, and text. Formal methode is intended to present the result of research in the form of symbols or signs (Mahsun, 2007: 123 and Sudaryanto, 015: 144).

Theoritical Framework
Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory (SFLT) is a model of linguistic study developed by Halliday (1985;1991;2004;2014) of the University of Sydney -Australia. Halliday adopted many teaching linguistic theories from European linguists, such as Firth (English). The development of Halliday's ideology is dominantly influenced by the linguistic principle of the Prague Flow. Young (2011: 625) describes the views of the Ideology of Prague on several things in linguistic theory, namely: (a) the view of language as an interconnected network, (b) the view of language as a system consisting of multilevel or stratified sub-systems , (c) the more emphasis on the functional aspects of the language, and (d) the existence of view of towards the form coming from the function. SFLT mainly focus on language relation with context. SFLT is based on two basic concepts that distinguish it from other linguistic theories, namely; (a) language is a social phenomenon in the form of social semiotics and (b) language is a text that is in strong relation with the social context so that the study of language is never independent on the social context. The SFLT has been discussed in the last four editions of Halliday's book (1985;1991;2004;2014).
Text development system is a network where the patterns of information developments from one clause to another clause are loaded, contributing to a unity of comprehensive information. The analysis of the pattern of text development can explain the participants' way of thinking in preparing ideas or argument during the language use. Halliday (2014) and Saragih (2006: 93) state that the development of texts can be conducted through the expansion of clauses covering themes and rhemes. Furthermore, Halliday (2014: 119) adds that the theme in the conversation system is considered as old information (given) and rheme is new information. Yet, both of them become a systemic unit in the presidential candidates' speech act.
The tool of the use of theme-rheme is helpful and beneficial for investigating the patterns of conversations of the candidates, whether the concept offered has logical realization or otherwise contains only political promises. In addition, the pattern of text development in a candidate's conversation can represent the regularity, continuity, and harmony between old and new information so that it can affect the understanding and mindset of the voters and even they switch to vote for them. Here is an example of a development pattern on CDT 2014. (next page) Pattern 1

(DATA 1)
Pattern 1 follow, an inconsistant development structure (zig-zag). The process of development is formed from R to be T1 in clause 2. T1 becomes T2 in clause 3. Then there is a focus transition R2 into T3 in clause 4. The abstraction of pattern 1 is considered more complicated when compared with pattern 2 tending to be symmetrical and simpler.

(DATA 2)
Pattern 2 shows the process of developing linear theme, meaning that development occurs quite regularly by starting the focus of old information T then being T1 in clause 2, being T2 in clause 3, and being T3 in clause 4. Development of such a theme is quite systematic and simple.
Pattern 1 and pattern 2 are examplety of forms of text development within the CDT. The existence of these two patterns can represent the way of thinking of the two presidential candidates in expressing their ideas, views, and arguments through the debate. A simple way of thinking tends to make it easier for people to understand their vision -mission, wherlas the complicated one can make it difficult for the people to understand every program proposed by the candidates.

Results and Discussion
Text development system is a set of networks of several clauses making the unity of information. Text development can represent the speaker's way of thinking. In addition, the direction of text development can contribute the understanding of the hearers or audiences of information unity. Halliday (2014); Saragih (2006: 93) state that the text development system can be investigated through the progression of the use of theme -rheme. The pattern of text development can be known by positioning the theme -rheme in each clause. As explained previously, that them is a reflection of old information and this rheme is a form of new information, that can determine the purpose of the material development of the utterances uttered by participants. Related to that, the result of PS and JW statement on TDC I and II shows three patterns; namely, Linear, zig-zag pattern and multiple pattern (mixed-pattern). All patterns are derived from the analysis of the utterances of the two presidential candidates at each session or stage of debate.

Linear Pattern
Linear pattern is a form of development of one-way text connecting theme I -theme IItheme III -theme IV, and so on or rheme I -rheme II -rheme III -rheme IV, and so on. This pattern of theme is considered a simple pattern since it pictures one-way text development. In addition, linear thematic progression tends not to randomly position the material. It eases audiences or listeners to understand each description of the participant. The analysis of text development pattern on PS and JW statements or utterances in CDT I and II indicates the existence of the use of constant pattern. Based on the examination on the use of linear pattern on the utterances produced by both presidential candidates, two patterns of thematic progression are discovered; namely, linear pattern, and dynamic pattern.

Constant-Linear Pattern
The constant linear pattern is a form of text that has not changed in the theme and rheme. It can be stated that there is no development of one clause in the expressed element and the element describing something in the clause. This pattern can align with the form of a clause that is full repetition meaning where a repetition of the whole clause appears. The levels of the use of constant linear pattern on the text development pattern used by both presidential candidates are presented as follows:  The utterances produced by JW's statement on data 4 is linearly constant, meaning that there is no theme and rheme development or progression in some clauses within a unit of text. The topic of the JW's utterance describes the national service system improvement policy. The service system improvement components include health services through KIS (Kartu Indonesia Sehat/Healthy Indonesia card) and policy monitoring system. `The text development pattern shows T2 and R1 are not developed or progressed in the first, second, third, and fourth clauses.

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Subsequently, active clause structure changes into passive; consquently, the development of theme (T1) is reversed into rheme (RT1) and rheme progression (R1) becomes the theme (TR1) in the sixth, seventh, and eighth clauses.

Zig-zag Pattern
Zig-zag pattern is a form of development of two-way text that connects the theme and dynamic into a flow of textual thinking, such as theme I which becomes dynamic II, dynamic II which becomes theme III, theme III which becomes dynamic IV, and so on. Statements with intricate patterns are complex, meaning the text of a speaker must associate the theme and dynamic elements in rotation in a unit of text, while the listener must carefully listen to the theme and dynamic descriptions alternately. From the results of PS and JW text unit analysis on TDC I and II, this study finds the level of usage use of the Zig-zag pattern, as follows. PS's statement in data 7 mixed pattern. Text information obtained is the purpose of the country to achieve the nation's prosperity. The description of this information uses the progression of R1 -TR1 and R2 -TR2. It means that the word tujuan (purpose) is the first dynamic undergoing the process of putting it into a dynamic first theme in the second clause.
Furthermore, the word kemakmuran (prosperity) as the second dynamic in the second clause becomes the second dynamic theme in the third clause. This pattern shows a Zig-zag pattern in positioning a dynamic theme in each clause.

Multiple Pattern
The multiple pattern is a composite of linear pattern and Zig-zag pattern of text within a single unit of text. This study found a tendency to use linear or zig-zag patterns within a unit of text.
This research divides the two forms of mixed patterns, i.e., mixed-linear patterns and mixed-Zigzag patterns.

Mixed-Linear Pattern
The mixed-linear pattern is a linear pattern of text between linear and Zig-zag, but it is dominated by the linear patter. This pattern has the nature of the text that is considered more easily understood than the Zig-zag pattern because the speaker will tend to speak orderly and facilitate the listener to follow the way of participants' utterances. From the analysis of text pattern of PS and JW's statement in CDT I and II, this research found the level of the use of text of mixed linear pattern as follows. Nah karena itu politik luar negeri mau tidak mau adalah cermin dari kondisi dalam negeri//" (Well, therefore, international politic will inevitably be a reflection of domestic conditions "Politik luar negeri tidak akan berarti kalo kekuatan dalam negeri kita lemah//" (Foreign/international politic will be meaningless if our domestic strength is weak)  "baik produk industri kecil baik produk-produk UKM yang sebetulnya ini mempunyai daya saing tinggi karena harganya yang masih sangat kompetitif//" (Both small industry products both Small and Medium Business products that actually have a high competitiveness because the price is still very competitive)

(Data 9)
The statement delivered by JW in data 9 is indicated as a text developed by a linear mixture pattern. The topic of the text produced by JW stated the role empowerment of Ambassador. The Ambassador was expected by JW to become a market player, meaning that Ambassador should be able to market local products as well as to enhance competitive competitiveness of Small and Middle Economy or Business products. Furthermore, the dynamic theme line shows the word of duta besar (ambassador) to dynamic in R1 of the first clause -TR1 of the second clause -TR1 of the third clause -TR1 of the fourth clause -TR1 of the fifth clause. The words produk-produk (products) and harga (prices) become dynamic on R5 fifth clause -TR5 of the fifth clause and R7 becomes TR7 -R7 of the eighth clause. It is alarmed that the text unit of data 6 has text that starts from a dynamic then becomes a theme; therefore, this research did not find any form originated from the theme.

Mixed-Zig-zag Pattern
The mixed-Zig-zag pattern is composed of Zig-zag and linear text patterns, but it is dominated by Zig-zag patterns. The nature of this type of text is considered complicated because it has irregular progression and tends to start from a dynamic and each track tends to load from the theme -dynamic -theme -Dynamic, and so on. From the results of the analysis, this study toward the text pattern of utterances produced by PS and JW in CDT I and II. The level of use of mixed Zig-zag patterns dominated by Zig-zag pattern can be seen in table 6.15 below.  Notes on data 11 is that it was not found a form originated by theme, so the mixed Zig-zag pattern is sourced from the progression of dynamic-theme-dynamic.

Novelties
The text development system has two other developmental units; there are the pattern of linear theme (i.e., static and dynamic) and mixed pattern (multiple pattern) with the direction of theme-rheme development. The pattern can be presented as follows.

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d) The Mixed-Zig-zag sub-pattern is composed of Zig-zag and linear text patterns, but it is dominated by Zig-zag patterns such as: R1 ^ T1 II >T1 III ^ R3 ^ T3 IV ^ R4 ^ T4 V ^ R5 ^ T5 VI .

Conclusion
The text development system on the utterances produced by PS and JW has a difference. It was found that dynamic linear text development pattern (e.g. T1 I > T1 II > T1 III > T1 IV and R1 ^ R2 ^ R3 ^ R4 and R1 I > R1 II > R1 III > R1 IV. ) was tended to be used by PS. This pattern reaches the range of statements covering the policy of economy development and national welfare and procurement of armaments. He also tended to use the development of texts with a Zig-zag pattern (e.g. pattern T1 I > R1 II > T1 III > R1 IV ) with range of statements including the purpose of the state for prosperity and security.
Meanwhile, JW tended to use a constant linear text development pattern with a range of statement range including: improvement of national service system (e.g. patterns T1 I > T1 II > T1 III > T1 IV dan R1 I > R1 II > R1 III > R1 IV. ) And development of text with a mixed-linear pattern covering the improvement of minimum wage policies and the role empowerment of ambassadors (e.g. T1 I > T1 II ^ R2 ^ T2 ^ R3 III > R3 IV > R3 V ^ T3 VI .)