Oral Text of Genjek in Karangasem Regency

: This study examines the oral text of genjek in Karangasem regency with the main focus was analyzing the structure, function and meaning of oral text of genjek by using the theory of structure, theory of function and theory of semiotics. The theory of structure was used to analyze the structure of oral text of genjek . The theory of function was used to analyze the function of the oral text of genjek and the theory of semiotics was used to analyze the meaning of the oral text of genjek .The present study was a qualitative study with systematic study that departs from theory to observation on the availability of data for further analysis and data validation. The approach used in this study was a phenomenological approach that moved from the phenomenon of language used in genjek . The implication of this study is expected to provide benefits to the linguistic approach in studying the structure, function and meaning of the other texts and other literary works. In this study, it was found that oral text of genjek is literary work which has macro structure, super structure and micro structure. The function of genjek includes: entertainment function, education function, function of remembering the past, solidarity function, social control function, social protest and criticism function, and religious function. Meanings of genjek includes: meaning of love, meaning of the collective consciousness, meaning of ritual, existence of social stratification recognition. Creation process of genjek text is done together spontaneously by a group of people who are gathered together. Inheritance process of genjek is done naturally and non-naturally so that genjek can thrive in Karangasem society. The results of this study will not only benefit theoretically, but also practically. In addition, the present study is expected to provide benefits for the sake of a wider range of nations, states, and mankind and can support the sustainability of community life with local culture base. The significances of this research can be subsumed into two, namely the theoretical and practical benefits. Theoretically, the study of oral text of genjek in Karangasem regency is expected to shed more light on the development of science broadly as well as beneficial to the nation, the state, and mankind. The theoretical benefits which can be attained from this research are: (1) as an additional reference to the body of research which contains an objective description of structure, functions and meaning of oral text of genjek . as a symbol of the internal and external identity of the people of Karangasem; (2) as an additional reference to buttress the position of oral discourse as one of the theoretical perspectives and methodological orientation in the analysis of oral discourse; (3) as an addition to the repertoire resulted in the research by using theory of folklore and oral tradition in studying the cultural ethnography with the local-ideography base. the results of this study can used as community and genjek Bali, or even outside The present study can also be used as a reference in In addition benefits the results of this study are also expected to have positive effects on: the acceptance of local people oral literature that are the protection to marginalized role of oral literature various aspects of community ( 3) one reference local regency (4) local government The approach used in the present study is a qualitative approach. Qualitative approach can reveal various qualitative information on the problems examined. Moleong (1988:17) contends that qualitative research is defined as a process of seeking a better understanding regarding the complexities involved in human interaction. This research was conducted in a village of Seraya, as the main location, and other villages in Karangasem regency as genealogical community deployment of Seraya village. This was done due to the villagers taking genjek tradition into their migrating villages. The selected key informants are practitioners of genjek or persons directly involved in the genjek oral tradition in Karangasem regency. These key informants are used as source of primary data of the research. At the stage of exploration, the data was received from respondents by using snowball technique. The data used in this study are subsumed into primary data and secondary data. The primary data were data gained from field observation involving oral text of genjek in Karangasem obtained from the direct recording of genjek performances and the recordings of genjek in the form of audio and video gathered from the key informants. The key informants are chairpersons or coordinators witnessing a direct experience of oral text of genjek in Karangasem regency. While, secondary data are audio-taped gained from Bali Records which constitutes audio cassette-recorded of genjek Karangasem. Data collection employed in this study was observation, interview, recording, and documentation. In line with the use of multiple data collection above, data collection techniques applied were recording, listening, and note-taking techniques. The process of data analysis in this study began with reviewing of all data collected from observations, interviews, and documentation. The data were analyzed qualitatively by describing the data in detail and completed with argumentation. Data analysis procedures carried out gradually using the sequence system of activities: data selection, transcription of data, selection of


Introduction
The development of modern era nowadays burgeoning rapidly has affected the existence of oral tradition in Bali. The oral tradition will survive if such tradition can still be actualized in the life of society at the present time. Many oral traditions that embody meaningful values and high culture are no longer to grow in the community because of lack efforts to preserve in the germane. One of the oral tradition forms that still burgeons and survives in the society is oral literature. discourse that is spoken within the two sides, the speaker (addressees), i.e., someone who speaks, and the listeners, i.e., someone who listens (Mulyana, 2005: 53).
The rationales to conduct the study of oral text of genjek in Karangasem are based on some reasons. Firstly, the orality in Bali is being abandoned by the Balinese; thus, it is necessary to make the documentation in written texts. Secondly, genjek is performed spontaneously and orally in which the creativity adapts the changes of time. Thirdly, the shifts of the Genjek performance which was originally noncommercial becomes commercial performance. Fourth, genjek contains noble values of societal life and has a variety of uniqueness and distinction that is genjek (1) is performed by communal-agrarian society; (2) is an oral tradition favored by the people; (4) is beneficial to the community due to the noble values: social, cultural, economic, political, moral, ethical, religious values; (5) is a tradition which is able to maintain the existence of the Balinese language; (6) is able to develop the Balinese language; (7)  In accordance with the character of the problems studied, the purpose of this study is comprised into two broad of purposes namely general and specific purposes. Regarding general purpose, the present study is conducted to actualize the theory in accordance with the problems studied. In addition, the study is conducted generally with the aim to explore, maintain, understand the social and cultural values contained in the oral text of genjek, due to the fact that genjek is a cultural heritage of nation which is useful for society, notably the youth generation. In addition to general purpose, this study also yields the specific purposes those are (1) to figure out the process of creation and structure of the oral text of genjek in Karangasem regency; (2) to determine the functions of oral text of genjek in Karangasem regency; and (3) to postulate the meanings of oral text of genjek in Karangasem regency.
The results of this study will not only benefit theoretically, but also practically. In addition, the present study is expected to provide benefits for the sake of a wider range of nations, states, and mankind and can support the sustainability of community life with local culture base. The significances of this research can be subsumed into two, namely the theoretical and practical benefits. Theoretically, the study of oral text of genjek in Karangasem regency is expected to shed more light on the development of science broadly as well as beneficial to the nation, the state, and mankind. The theoretical benefits which can be attained from this research are: (1) as an additional reference to the body of research which contains an objective description of structure, functions and meaning of oral text of genjek. as a symbol of the internal and external identity of the people of Karangasem; (2) as an additional reference to buttress the position of oral discourse as one of the theoretical perspectives and methodological orientation in the analysis of oral discourse; (3) as an addition to the repertoire resulted in the research by using theory of folklore and oral tradition in studying the cultural ethnography with the localideography base.
Practically, the results of this study can be used as a guidance for the societal community and genjek groups in Bali, or even outside Bali. The present study can also be used as a reference in terms of improvement, enhancement, and preservation of societal culture. In addition to the benefits that are already mentioned above, the results of this study are also expected to have can be extracted, so that it can be used as guidelines to get the truth and better and more meaningful life; and (10) the attraction of interest of other researchers to examine more intensively the oral texts in Bali.

Theoretical Basis
The present study employs structuralism, functional, and semiotics theory. Structuralism theory is basically a way of thinking about the world, notably dealing with the respond and description of the structure. In this vantage point, a literary work is assumed as a phenomenon having a structure which is linked to one another. According to Jonah (cited in Endraswara, 2008: 49), structuralism is often understood as a form in which a literary work is a form.
Van Dijk (1985a: 1-8) postulates that the formal structure of a text can be studied in depth by examining the macro-structure, superstructure, and micro-structure. The macro-structure is to reveal the global meaning of text that can be studied based on the topic/theme contained within the text. The superstructure is a text frame covering introduction, contents, and closing. The microstructure is a text structure based on the linguistic units, such as: sound, words, phrases, clauses/phrases and syntactical relationship, discourse cohesion, system of formula and style.
The functional theory used as a reference is the theory adapted from William R. Bascom.
Bascom"s theory (cited in Sukatman, 2011: 11) generally denotes four important functions of the oral tradition. Firstly, the oral tradition serves as a projection system (reflection) of a collective delusion. Secondly, oral tradition serves as a tool of cultural legitimacy of institutions. Thirdly, the oral tradition serves as an educational tool. Fourthly, the oral tradition serves as a means of coercion or control so that the norms of the community are always adhered by their collective members.
The semiotics theory used in analyzing the oral text of genjek aims to figure out the meanings contained in the oral text of genjek which entails a system of signs. It is based on the assumption that the oral text of genjek denotes a meaningful structure. Oral text of genjek can be subsumed into the works of art for using language as a medium to convey. The language used in the oral tradition of genjek has a different language-use level from ordinary communication because it entails beautiful and meaningful elements.
recorder. In a subsequent meeting the lyrics was sung again and improvements were added if there are lyrics that are less precise to make it perfect to be performed to the public.
The process of creation is naturally done due to the creation of the genjek lyrics are not done in a planned way. The players gathered together after working all day and then making jokes while singing and eventually genjek lyrics are created together. There was no writing activities were conducted before the lyrics of genjek were created.
The inheritance process of genjek oral tradition happens naturally and non-naturally. The natural inheritance goes naturally from generation to generation. Non-natural process is a process of inheritance of genjek oral tradition by doing genjek training programs for youth in art studios, in youth groups, and also in formal institutions. Inheritance process is also done by holding competitions and genjek activities in artistic collaborations with other performing arts, and colossal performance of genjek. Both forms of inheritance are already running in Karangasem regency. That is why genjek oral tradition still exist in Karangasem regency.
Genjek oral text was obtained from the genjek performances in Karangasem and then in depth study was conducted to get a true genjek text structure. Genjek text structure consist of the opening part, the main core part and the closing part. The genjek text structure was analyzed using the theory of Van Dijk. The result of analysis based on Van Dijk"s theory indicated that the text structure of genjek has three levels: the macro-structure, superstructure and microstructure.
The macro-structure is the global meaning of a text that can be observed from the topic/theme raised by a text , The superstructure is the narrative composition or framework of a text, such as the introduction, contents, and closing. The microstructure is a local meaning of a text that can be observed from words selection, sentences, and style used in the text.
The macro structure of genjek text analysis is focused on the analysis of themes and mandate of genjek texts. The discussion of theme of genjek text is only done on the core lyrics of genjek and not utterances delivered by the player of cipak. This is done because the core lyrics of can only be understood in relation to sentences of every lyric of genjek section.
The thematic analysis of genjek was done by looking at all the existing events on the genjek text. Each event was written in the lyrics associated with the rules and norms to understand the main ideas of the text. Lyrics of genjek contains a reflection of the society that is delivered in the form of performaning art, so the theme is too diverse, for example, the theme of Selection of diction on the text of genjek is an interesting phenomenon. There is a tendency to use words that are not loaded with the burden of meaning, but only utilizing sound, so the lyrics sounded interesting, for example, contains lyrics that parable sentences. The parable in Balinese language is often used in public life. Most people use the term to convey a specific meaning.
Having a high sense of value of meaningful connotations words choices also make genjek more acceptable in society. Remembering the past is as a mirror to face the present life is a function contained in the oral text of genjek. This is understandable because of a past life is a reflection of life which can be compared with the present life and can be used as a reference for dealing with the problems that exist at the moment to make our life better. Remembering the past can be found in genjek entitled Taman Ujung (Ujung Garden). This lyric discusses the genuine love remembrance of young couple during their trip to the beautiful and panoramic place near Seraya which is known as Taman Ujung. This place is a garden of the King Karangasem who ruled eastern part of Bali during the kingdom era.
The function of solidarity and togetherness can be found in every performance of genjek.
Since the early days of its development, genjek has demonstrated the properties of togetherness, which is inherited orally from generation to generation. Oral text of genjek contains various advices to foster integrity of the community to respect their fellow community members and develop a sense of mutual understanding and belonging. The function of solidarity and togetherness found in genjek text entitled mekumpul (getting together). This genjek fosters togetherness and solidarity among the community members to be jointly together to enjoy life with full happiness and help each other to be able to live in harmony.
The oral text of genjek contains expressions that can control the social conditions to be in the appropriate direction, norms and order. The oral text of genjek contains not only the function of social control related to religious norms, but also social control which involves various parts of public life, such as: real legal norms, customs, and political matters. Besides functioning as a social controller, genjek also has a function as a social critic. Social control function can be found in genjek entitled Reformasi (reformation) and genjek entitled Pak Gubernur (Mr. Governor). Both of these genjek lyrics are clearly used to control the existing social condition to be a better condition. In addition, social protests and criticism function are found in genjek titled and different level language use. There are three levels of language used by the people of Bali, they are: Alus sor, alus Mider, and Alus singgih. Alus sor is the level of language used by ordinary people when talking to people in the same level or those who are already familiar with them. Alus Mider is used for those who are talking to new people, or people who are older. Alus singgih is the level of language that is usually used when talking to the noble persons such as priest (pemangku), and high priest (peranda). In addition, social stratification is also caused by the differences of caste, class, age, occupation and social position.

CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis of the historical development, structure, function, meaning of oral text of genjek in Karangasem regency, some conclusion can be summed up as the following: (1) Oral text of is a text of lyrics used to express ideas, messages, advice, instructions to be conveyed by the players to the audience. The words in the lyrics of genjek text were structurally arranged to express specific meanings depending on the context, (2) Judging from the There are several novelty of this study, such as (1) genjek oral text is created together by the players based on the concept of solidarity and togetherness. Genjek oral text denotes the words which are tied by toreng tone or tune. Dictions used are very closely related to the contemporary which illustrates the current issues in the community. The number of words and the length of sentences in each stanza rely on the length and the shortness of toreng tone, (2) oral text of genjek has macro structure, super structure and micro-structure. Macro-structure of oral text of genjek contains topics/themes relating to the everyday life of the community.
Superstructure of genjek oral text is the narrative framework or composition of genjek oral text which consists of introduction, contents, and closing. Microstructure of oral text of genjek is local meaning of the genjek text which consists of the selection of words, sentences, and styles used in the oral text of genjek, (3) genjek oral text is a popular culture media which have positive values for society which can maintain a better system of the community, and genjek oral text can be used as a medium of national character building.