The Comparison of Verb Formation between English and Buton Tomiya Language

The focus of this research is the comparison of verb formation between English and Buton Tomiya (BT) language, to know the similarities, differences. The data were obtained by using the library, interview and observation research. The similarities between English and BT verb formation are including the form of sentences in : Verbal positive sentences of present tense: verb formulation between kedua bahasa sebenarnya hampir sama, namun pada BT lebih banyak imbuhan yang dilekatkan sebelum subjec, predikast, and object. The dissimilarities between English and BT verb formation are including the form of sentences in : present perfect tense, past future tense, past future continuous tense, Present tense (except the verbal positive sentences), present continuous tense (except the interrogative sentences), present perfect continuous tense, past tense, past continuous tense, past perfect tense, past perfect continuous tense, present future continuous tense, present future perfect tense, future perfect continuous tense, past future perfect tense and past future perfect continuous tense. Keywords—contrative, verb formation, English language, Buton Tomiya Language.


I. INTRODUCTION
The dialect uniqueness of the same language family has been contributing to the preservation of ethnic identity across the islands in Indonesia. In fact, there are many ethnic groups spread from Sabang to Marauke has different characteristics and characteristics from one language to another. The language and dialect are used to communicate among people within the ethnic group. In addition, they also have different cultural and social backgrounds with various types of shape. Therefore, various languages and cultures must be maintained to maintain diversity in unity as the legacy of the Indonesian state (Wacana, 2013).
Flores is one of the islands in South East Island Province which has many regions along with its countless regional language. The languages in Flores Island are languages belonging to the Austronesia language family. Blust (1977) also emphasized that the Polynesian Malay group which is a derivative of the Austronesian language consists of two groups, namely the West Polynesia Malay group and the Central/Eastern Polynesia Malay group. West Polynesia Malay Group down languages in the Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Malagasy, western Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali, Lombok, and western Sumbawa) while middle/eastern Indonesia decreases languages on the islands of Sumba, Flores, Timor, Central and southern Maluku.
Buton Tomiya language is a language is used by local people in Koja Doi Island, a small island to the north of Flores Island around 2 hours sailing by traditional boat. The whole population of the island is originally from tribe in southeast Sulawesi around a century ago along with their cultures and language.
The study of Buton language is very rare. It's proven with a little work on the Buton language in various ways. A study was done by Susiati and Rismaniye with title Languages of geographical languages and dialect in southeast Sulawesi (2018). The study aimed to figure out the differences and the similarities of in Southeast Sulawesi. Another study conducted by Hanan, (2010) divided the language in Sulawesi into seven groups, wrong the other is the Muna-Buton group whose members consist of Muna-Buton, South Buton, Wolio, Layolo, and Wakatobi. Wakatobi language as a language which are in the sub-cluster of Muna-Buton spoken on four islands, namely Wangi-Wangi, Kaledupa lexicostatistic calculation results of Muna-Wakatobi language relationship. The results of these calculations indicate that the two languages are in the sub-family category language or language differences with a reasonably close relationship between language relationships. From those literatures reviewed, it is revealed that there has been no research on verb formation of Buton Tomia language. Yet, verb is so common in language use that they hardly need any introduction according to which they denote actions, activities, states, events, attitudes, processes, changes or existence enabling speakers to produce compressible utterances.
The starting point of studying verb formation may be the mapping of all verb types. Once we present all possible verb types, it may spare us a lot of subsequent explanations, and its real advantage lies in offering a logical view upon their possible combination to create tenses. Classifying verbs is important, as they express a multitude of grammatical categories, such as person (first, second, third) and number (singular, plural). Furthermore, in a syntactical approach, they express the predicate, offering the following possible characteristics: tense (present, past, future), aspect (simple, continuous or progressive, perfect (simple), perfect continuous or progressive), voice (active, passive), and mood (finite: indicative, imperative, subjunctive; non-finite: infinitive, gerund, participle).
In general linguistics, analysis of verb is concerned with the study of morphemes -the minimum meaning indivisible unit of a language. The task of computational morphology is to extract grammatical, syntactic, and semantic information from verb by using an expanded lexicon, which is treated as a separate part of a grammar. Isidore. (1975) stated that parsing of verb is a technique that aims to study the structure, type, morphophonemic, syntactic, and semantic properties of verb automatically. In Natural Language Processing it can be done at two levels.
Theodora. (1990) stated that traditional linguistic analysis of verbs is concerned with the study of their forms, and analysis of grammatical, morphemic, and semantic properties. Analysis of grammatical properties (e.g. markers of aspect, tense, auxiliary, person, number, particle, etc.) is necessary for understanding their forms and functions in the sentence. Here we deal with Buton Tomiya verb formation and compared it with English verb formation because understanding the structure of verbs can supply useful information to understand the structure of words of other parts-of-speech. Moreover, the understanding of the formation and function of verbs can give some clues to explore the nature of language cognition by the users.

II. METHOD
This study undertook the verb formation by making a comparison and contrast between English language and Buton language using contrastive analysis. It was concerned with the comparison and contrast of the two languages to determine their areas of similarities and differences with their implication on language learning and teaching (Darmawan & Suryoputro, 2019). The method was proposed by Whitman (1970). There are four steps as components of contrastive analysis: (1) taking two languages, L1 and L2, and writing formal descriptions of them (or choosing descriptions of them), (2) picking forms from the descriptions for contrast, (3) making a contrast of the chosen form, and (5)  In BT it always adds affixes to it.There are no Just by adding the past adverb of time such as "ba'ai" (Past) or "yang lalu" (ago), in the sentences. English used the change of verb form into V2 or the second form of auxiliary in the sentences but BT didn"t.

Past continuous tense
(+) they was playing football when putri came to my house. The form of sentences in past perfect continuous tense in English and Bahasa Indonesia were very different. English used the second form of have/has (had) but BT still used "telah/po'olimo". English also used auxiliary in the sentences, and used V+ing to shouw the continuous moments. But BT didn"t used auxiliary and didn"t use " po'olimo" to show the continouos sentences.
Present future continuous tense (+) I will be studying for an exam. Pattern : S + will + aux + (V+ing) + C (-) They wo"t be playing football then Pattern : S + will not + aux + (V+ing) + C (?) Will they be singing tomorrow?
(+) Yaku 'a belajar ako te ujian Pattern : S+'a+V+C (-)Iyammai ka'imo a komulia golu Pattern : preffI+S+ka'imo+V +C (?)Ammay 'a mekadangki ka'i 'ilange atu? Pattern : S+'a+V+adverb of time The difference in future continuous tense and BT is the auxiliary. They used auxiliary "be" in English, and used 'a auxiliary in BT. In English they used (V+ing) as the character of every continuous sentences. But in BT furute continuous sentences, they didn"t used "V-ing". Preffix 'a in BT have the same meaning with will in Englis. In future perfect continuous tense, they used the auxiliary "been" in the sentences. And thay also used "V+ing", BT didn"t use " 'a and po'olimo" in the sentences. These things that make differences between English and BT future perfect continuous sentences. The form of sentences in past future tense and past future sentences in BT is is different. The differences are English is using would (the past of will) in the sentences. In BT is using 'a (akan) and affixes. The differences between past future continuous tense and BT sentences are English used the second form of will (would) and used auxiliary "be" in the sentences. BT didn"t use it in the sentences, they using 'a, preffiks No and anne'e (serdang). After analyzing the data in BT verb formation in term of form and function, conclusions can be drawn as following : Between English and BT verb formation in term pattern have similarities, some tenses in English are having same form of sentences. Both of English and Buton Tomiya (BT) in verbal positive sentences of present tense used V + S + O/C. Sentences of future tense in Engish and BT used S + will + P(V) + O/C in positive sentences, S + Will not + P (V) + O/C in negative sentences, will + S + P (V) + O/C ? in interrogative sentences, in Bahasa Indonesia "will" means " 'a ". Interrogative sentences of present continuous tense also have the same of Verb form in both languages. The dissimilarities between English and BT general sentences pattern are including the form of sentences in : Present tense (except the verbal positive sentences), present continuous tense (except the interrogative sentences), present perfect tense, present perfect continuous tense, past tense, past continuous tense, past perfect tense, past perfect continuous tense, present future continuous tense, present future perfect tense, future perfect continuous tense, past future tense, past future continuous tense, past future perfect tense and past future perfect continuous tense.

Past future perfect tense
The dissimilarities in both languages commonly caused by the verb form that changed in English caused by Auxiliary,time and BT change of verb form with affixes. Example : In past tense, the from of sentences was S + V2 + O/C, such as "I went to the school last week", but BT only used S + V + O/C (the past adverb of time), such as "yaku lako ka sekolah 'inggawi". The use of auxiliary also always caused dissimilarities of verb form in both languages, because BT areusing affixesand never used auxiliary in the sentences. Example : In present tense nominal positive sentences used S + auxiliary + P, such as "My Father is a Fisherman", but in BT only used S + P, that was "Te amasu te patai-tai". b.

Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, suggestion are staged as follow : c. The researcher suggest that as people from Buton Tomiya, we must know about the verb formulation of Buton Tomiya Language, the differences between the form of sentence in our own language and the international language. d. The researcher hopes that the thesis could be one of the related references for those who have interested in English and BT. It is xpcted that they can deepen their knowledge in both languages.