Competition Law and Policy Harmonisation: Its Relation to Fair Competition Realisation in ASEAN Single Aviation Market
Abstract
A well-functioning ASEAN Single Aviation Market Requires a level-playing field and fair competition. ASEAN does not have a multilateral agreement on competition related issues but opts to harmonise its Member States’ domestic legislation. This article asks whether this approach is appropriate to realise fair competition in ASEAN Single Aviation Market. It finds that mere harmonisation of laws and policies is insufficient without being complemented by effective implementation and enforcement. While regional enforcement is the ideal way of preventing and opposing unfair competition, this article also proposes the adoption of the concept of international comity as an achievable alternative to currently unequal ASEAN competition laws or the absence thereof.
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References
BOOKS
Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. Competition and Investment in Air Transport. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
Bhagwati, Jagdish and Robert Hudec. Fair Trade and Harmonization: Economic Analysis. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1996.
Cini, Michelle and Lee McGowan. Competition policy in the European Union. Hampshire: Pelgrave, 2019.
Garner, Bryan A. and Henry Campbell Black. Black’s Law Dictionary. St. Paul: MN West, 2009.
Klip, Andrew and H. van der Wilt. Harmonisation and Harmonising Measures in Criminal Law. van Wetenschappen: Royal Netherlands of Science, 2002.
Mendes de Leon, Pablo. Introduction to Air Law. 10th Ed. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer, 2011.
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya. State Aid for Pioneer Routes Under PSO in Indonesia Against the Tide within ASEAN Open Skies?. Mauritius: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017.
Ong, Burton. The Regionalisation of Competition Law and Policy within the ASEAN Economic Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
Soekanto, Soerjono and Sri Mamudji. Penelitian Hukum Normatif, Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Bergamasco, Federico. "State Subsidies and Fair Competition in International Air Services: The European Perspective." Issues Aviation L. & Pol'y15 (2015): 29-75.
Freeman, Peter. "Is Competition Everything." Competition Law Journal 7, no. 3 (2008): 214-225.
Garber, David J. “Two Forms of Modernization in European Competition Law.” Fordham International Law Journal 31, no. 5 (2008): 1235-1265.
Lee, Casse and Yoshifumi Fukunaga. “ASEAN Regional Cooperation on Competition policy.” Journal of Asian Economics, 35 (2014): 77-91.
Luu, Huong Ly. “Regional Harmonization of Competition Law and Policy: An ASEAN Approach.” Asian Journal of International Law 2, no. 2 (2012): 291-321,: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2044251312000124
Masron, Tajul Ariffin. “Promoting Intra-ASEAN FDI: The Role of AFTA and AIA.” Economic Modelling 31 (2013): 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.11.050
Paul, Joel R. “The Transformation of International Comity.” Law and Contemporary Problems 71, no. 3 (2008): 19–38.
Siadari, Devi Lucy Y., and Koki Arai. "International Enforcement of ASEAN Competition Law." Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 9, no. 5 (2018): 328-335. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpy009
Silalahi, Udin. “Accelerating the Development of ASEAN Competition Culture.” XII:2 L. Rev. (2012).
Silalahi, Udin. "The Harmonization of Competition Laws towards the ASEAN Economic Integration."JE Asia & Int'l L. 10, no. 1 (2017): 117-137.
Spitz, Laura. "The gift of Enron: An opportunity to talk about capitalism, equality, globalization, and the promise of a North-American charter of fundamental rights." Ohio St. LJ 66 (2005): 315-396.
Townley, Chris. “Which Goals Count in Article 101 TFEU?: Public Policy and Its Discontents”, European Competition Law Review 9 (2011):440-448.
Wassenbergh, Henri. "The Decision of the ECJ of 5 November 2002 in the ‘Open Skies’ Agreements Cases." Air and Space Law 28, no. 1 (2003): 19-31.
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
ASEAN. The 2005 Protocol on the Enhanced Dispute Settlement Mechanism.
Brunei Darussalam. Competition Order of 2015.
ASEAN. Charter of the Association of South-East Asian Nations.
Convention on the International Civil Aviation (1944)
European Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004
Kingdom of Cambodia. Draft Competition Law of 2016.
Kingdom of Thailand. Trade Competition Act of 1999.
Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Competition Law of 2016.
Malaysia. Competition Act of 2010.
Republic of Indonesia. Law Number 5 of 1999 on the Ban of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition
Republic of Singapore. Competition Act of 2004.
Republic of the Philippines. Competition Act 2015.
Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Law No. 9 of 2015 on Competition.
Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Competition Law of 2005.
Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union
OTHER DOCUMENTS
Amirullah, Adli. “Economic Benefits of ASEAN Single Aviation Market”, Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs, Policy No. 56 (2018).
ASEAN Secretariat, ASEAN Competition Action Plan 2025.
ASEAN. Bali Concord II: http://www.asean.org/news/asean-statement-communiques/item/ declaration-of-asean-concord-ii-bali-concord-ii-3.
International Civil Aviation Organisation, Doc 10022.
Mendes de Leon, Pablo. “Competition in International Markets: A Comparative Analysis.” Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Competition Committee, DAF/COMP/WD(2014)77 (2014).
OECD, “the Case of Singapore and Other ASEAN Economies”, in State-Owned Enterprises in the Development Process, OECD Publishing Paris (2015), https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264229617-5-en
Valckova, Barbora. “EU Competition Law:A Roadmap for ASEAN?” EU Centre in Singapore, Working Paper No. 25 (2015).
Kingdom of Cambodia Nation Religion King. Draft Law on Competition of Cambodia. Version 5.7. https://asean-competition.org/file/pdf_file/Draft%20Law%20on%20Competition%202018.pdf
CASE LAWS
Case AT.39258 Airfreight Cartel, European Commission.
(United Brands v. European Commission), The Court of Justice of the European Communities Case 27/76 [1978] ECR 207 [1978]1 CMLR 429.
WEBSITE CONTENT
International Competition Network [ICN], ‘About’. https://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/about/
Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. Competition and Investment in Air Transport. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
Bhagwati, Jagdish and Robert Hudec. Fair Trade and Harmonization: Economic Analysis. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1996.
Cini, Michelle and Lee McGowan. Competition policy in the European Union. Hampshire: Pelgrave, 2019.
Garner, Bryan A. and Henry Campbell Black. Black’s Law Dictionary. St. Paul: MN West, 2009.
Klip, Andrew and H. van der Wilt. Harmonisation and Harmonising Measures in Criminal Law. van Wetenschappen: Royal Netherlands of Science, 2002.
Mendes de Leon, Pablo. Introduction to Air Law. 10th Ed. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer, 2011.
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya. State Aid for Pioneer Routes Under PSO in Indonesia Against the Tide within ASEAN Open Skies?. Mauritius: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017.
Ong, Burton. The Regionalisation of Competition Law and Policy within the ASEAN Economic Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
Soekanto, Soerjono and Sri Mamudji. Penelitian Hukum Normatif, Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Bergamasco, Federico. "State Subsidies and Fair Competition in International Air Services: The European Perspective." Issues Aviation L. & Pol'y15 (2015): 29-75.
Freeman, Peter. "Is Competition Everything." Competition Law Journal 7, no. 3 (2008): 214-225.
Garber, David J. “Two Forms of Modernization in European Competition Law.” Fordham International Law Journal 31, no. 5 (2008): 1235-1265.
Lee, Casse and Yoshifumi Fukunaga. “ASEAN Regional Cooperation on Competition policy.” Journal of Asian Economics, 35 (2014): 77-91.
Luu, Huong Ly. “Regional Harmonization of Competition Law and Policy: An ASEAN Approach.” Asian Journal of International Law 2, no. 2 (2012): 291-321,: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2044251312000124
Masron, Tajul Ariffin. “Promoting Intra-ASEAN FDI: The Role of AFTA and AIA.” Economic Modelling 31 (2013): 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.11.050
Paul, Joel R. “The Transformation of International Comity.” Law and Contemporary Problems 71, no. 3 (2008): 19–38.
Siadari, Devi Lucy Y., and Koki Arai. "International Enforcement of ASEAN Competition Law." Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 9, no. 5 (2018): 328-335. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpy009
Silalahi, Udin. “Accelerating the Development of ASEAN Competition Culture.” XII:2 L. Rev. (2012).
Silalahi, Udin. "The Harmonization of Competition Laws towards the ASEAN Economic Integration."JE Asia & Int'l L. 10, no. 1 (2017): 117-137.
Spitz, Laura. "The gift of Enron: An opportunity to talk about capitalism, equality, globalization, and the promise of a North-American charter of fundamental rights." Ohio St. LJ 66 (2005): 315-396.
Townley, Chris. “Which Goals Count in Article 101 TFEU?: Public Policy and Its Discontents”, European Competition Law Review 9 (2011):440-448.
Wassenbergh, Henri. "The Decision of the ECJ of 5 November 2002 in the ‘Open Skies’ Agreements Cases." Air and Space Law 28, no. 1 (2003): 19-31.
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
ASEAN. The 2005 Protocol on the Enhanced Dispute Settlement Mechanism.
Brunei Darussalam. Competition Order of 2015.
ASEAN. Charter of the Association of South-East Asian Nations.
Convention on the International Civil Aviation (1944)
European Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004
Kingdom of Cambodia. Draft Competition Law of 2016.
Kingdom of Thailand. Trade Competition Act of 1999.
Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Competition Law of 2016.
Malaysia. Competition Act of 2010.
Republic of Indonesia. Law Number 5 of 1999 on the Ban of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition
Republic of Singapore. Competition Act of 2004.
Republic of the Philippines. Competition Act 2015.
Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Law No. 9 of 2015 on Competition.
Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Competition Law of 2005.
Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union
OTHER DOCUMENTS
Amirullah, Adli. “Economic Benefits of ASEAN Single Aviation Market”, Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs, Policy No. 56 (2018).
ASEAN Secretariat, ASEAN Competition Action Plan 2025.
ASEAN. Bali Concord II: http://www.asean.org/news/asean-statement-communiques/item/ declaration-of-asean-concord-ii-bali-concord-ii-3.
International Civil Aviation Organisation, Doc 10022.
Mendes de Leon, Pablo. “Competition in International Markets: A Comparative Analysis.” Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Competition Committee, DAF/COMP/WD(2014)77 (2014).
OECD, “the Case of Singapore and Other ASEAN Economies”, in State-Owned Enterprises in the Development Process, OECD Publishing Paris (2015), https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264229617-5-en
Valckova, Barbora. “EU Competition Law:A Roadmap for ASEAN?” EU Centre in Singapore, Working Paper No. 25 (2015).
Kingdom of Cambodia Nation Religion King. Draft Law on Competition of Cambodia. Version 5.7. https://asean-competition.org/file/pdf_file/Draft%20Law%20on%20Competition%202018.pdf
CASE LAWS
Case AT.39258 Airfreight Cartel, European Commission.
(United Brands v. European Commission), The Court of Justice of the European Communities Case 27/76 [1978] ECR 207 [1978]1 CMLR 429.
WEBSITE CONTENT
International Competition Network [ICN], ‘About’. https://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/about/
Published
2019-07-31
How to Cite
SURYA PUTRA, A. A. B. N. A..
Competition Law and Policy Harmonisation: Its Relation to Fair Competition Realisation in ASEAN Single Aviation Market.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 3, n. 2, p. 164-183, july 2019.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/49722>. Date accessed: 19 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2019.v03.i02.p03.
Section
Articles
